Abstractive Summary Generation for the Urdu Language

Abstractive summary generation is a challenging task that requires the model to comprehend the source text and generate a concise and coherent summary that captures the essential information. In this paper, we explore the use of an encoder/decoder approach for abstractive summary generation in the Urdu language. We employ a transformer-based model that utilizes self-attention mechanisms to encode the input text and generate a summary. Our experiments show that our model can produce summaries that are grammatically correct and semantically meaningful. We evaluate our model on a publicly available dataset and achieve state-of-the-art results in terms of Rouge scores. We also conduct a qualitative analysis of our model's output to assess its effectiveness and limitations. Our findings suggest that the encoder/decoder approach is a promising method for abstractive summary generation in Urdu and can be extended to other languages with suitable modifications.

Proof of Swarm Based Ensemble Learning for Federated Learning Applications

Ensemble learning combines results from multiple machine learning models in order to provide a better and optimised predictive model with reduced bias, variance and improved predictions. However, in federated learning it is not feasible to apply centralised ensemble learning directly due to privacy concerns. Hence, a mechanism is required to combine results of local models to produce a global model. Most distributed consensus algorithms, such as Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT), do not normally perform well in such applications. This is because, in such methods predictions of some of the peers are disregarded, so a majority of peers can win without even considering other peers' decisions. Additionally, the confidence score of the result of each peer is not normally taken into account, although it is an important feature to consider for ensemble learning. Moreover, the problem of a tie event is often left un-addressed by methods such as BFT. To fill these research gaps, we propose PoSw (Proof of Swarm), a novel distributed consensus algorithm for ensemble learning in a federated setting, which was inspired by particle swarm based algorithms for solving optimisation problems. The proposed algorithm is theoretically proved to always converge in a relatively small number of steps and has mechanisms to resolve tie events while trying to achieve sub-optimum solutions. We experimentally validated the performance of the proposed algorithm using ECG classification as an example application in healthcare, showing that the ensemble learning model outperformed all local models and even the FL-based global model. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed algorithm is the first attempt to make consensus over the output results of distributed models trained using federated learning.

Detection of Poisoning Attacks with Anomaly Detection in Federated Learning for Healthcare Applications: A Machine Learning Approach

The application of Federated Learning (FL) is steadily increasing, especially in privacy-aware applications, such as healthcare. However, its applications have been limited by security concerns due to various adversarial attacks, such as poisoning attacks (model and data poisoning). Such attacks attempt to poison the local models and data to manipulate the global models in order to obtain undue benefits and malicious use. Traditional methods of data auditing to mitigate poisoning attacks find their limited applications in FL because the edge devices never share their raw data directly due to privacy concerns, and are globally distributed with no insight into their training data. Thereafter, it is challenging to develop appropriate strategies to address such attacks and minimize their impact on the global model in federated learning. In order to address such challenges in FL, we proposed a novel framework to detect poisoning attacks using deep neural networks and support vector machines, in the form of anomaly without acquiring any direct access or information about the underlying training data of local edge devices. We illustrate and evaluate the proposed framework using different state of art poisoning attacks for two different healthcare applications: Electrocardiograph classification and human activity recognition. Our experimental analysis shows that the proposed method can efficiently detect poisoning attacks and can remove the identified poisoned updated from the global aggregation. Thereafter can increase the performance of the federated global.

Non-equilibrium molecular geometries in graph neural networks

Graph neural networks have become a powerful framework for learning complex structure-property relationships and fast screening of chemical compounds. Recently proposed methods have demonstrated that using 3D geometry information of the molecule along with the bonding structure can lead to more accurate prediction on a wide range of properties. A common practice is to use 3D geometries computed through density functional theory (DFT) for both training and testing of models. However, the computational time needed for DFT calculations can be prohibitively large. Moreover, many of the properties that we aim to predict can often be obtained with little or no overhead on top of the DFT calculations used to produce the 3D geometry information, voiding the need for a predictive model. To be practically useful for high-throughput chemical screening and drug discovery, it is desirable to work with 3D geometries obtained using less-accurate but much more efficient non-DFT methods. In this work we investigate the impact of using non-DFT conformations in the training and the testing of existing models and propose a data augmentation method for improving the prediction accuracy of classical forcefield-derived geometries.

Deep Camera Pose Regression Using Pseudo-LiDAR

An accurate and robust large-scale localization system is an integral component for active areas of research such as autonomous vehicles and augmented reality. To this end, many learning algorithms have been proposed that predict 6DOF camera pose from RGB or RGB-D images. However, previous methods that incorporate depth typically treat the data the same way as RGB images, often adding depth maps as additional channels to RGB images and passing them through convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In this paper, we show that converting depth maps into pseudo-LiDAR signals, previously shown to be useful for 3D object detection, is a better representation for camera localization tasks by projecting point clouds that can accurately determine 6DOF camera pose. This is demonstrated by first comparing localization accuracies of a network operating exclusively on pseudo-LiDAR representations, with networks operating exclusively on depth maps. We then propose FusionLoc, a novel architecture that uses pseudo-LiDAR to regress a 6DOF camera pose. FusionLoc is a dual stream neural network, which aims to remedy common issues with typical 2D CNNs operating on RGB-D images. The results from this architecture are compared against various other state-of-the-art deep pose regression implementations using the 7 Scenes dataset. The findings are that FusionLoc performs better than a number of other camera localization methods, with a notable improvement being, on average, 0.33m and 4.35{\deg} more accurate than RGB-D PoseNet. By proving the validity of using pseudo-LiDAR signals over depth maps for localization, there are new considerations when implementing large-scale localization systems.

Lightweight Transformer in Federated Setting for Human Activity Recognition

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) has been a challenging problem yet it needs to be solved. It will mainly be used for eldercare and healthcare as an assistive technology when ensemble with other technologies like Internet of Things(IoT). HAR can be achieved with the help of sensors, smartphones or images. Deep neural network techniques like artificial neural networks, convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks have been used in HAR, both in centralized and federated setting. However, these techniques have certain limitations. RNNs have limitation of parallelization, CNNS have the limitation of sequence length and they are computationally expensive. In this paper, to address the state of art challenges, we present a inertial sensors-based novel one patch transformer which gives the best of both RNNs and CNNs for Human activity recognition. We also design a testbed to collect real-time human activity data. The data collected is further used to train and test the proposed transformer. With the help of experiments, we show that the proposed transformer outperforms the state of art CNN and RNN based classifiers, both in federated and centralized setting. Moreover, the proposed transformer is computationally inexpensive as it uses very few parameter compared to the existing state of art CNN and RNN based classifier. Thus its more suitable for federated learning as it provides less communication and computational cost.

Designing ECG Monitoring Healthcare System with Federated Transfer Learning and Explainable AI

Deep learning play a vital role in classifying different arrhythmias using the electrocardiography (ECG) data. Nevertheless, training deep learning models normally requires a large amount of data and it can lead to privacy concerns. Unfortunately, a large amount of healthcare data cannot be easily collected from a single silo. Additionally, deep learning models are like black-box, with no explainability of the predicted results, which is often required in clinical healthcare. This limits the application of deep learning in real-world health systems. In this paper, we design a new explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) based deep learning framework in a federated setting for ECG-based healthcare applications. The federated setting is used to solve issues such as data availability and privacy concerns. Furthermore, the proposed framework setting effectively classifies arrhythmia's using an autoencoder and a classifier, both based on a convolutional neural network (CNN). Additionally, we propose an XAI-based module on top of the proposed classifier to explain the classification results, which help clinical practitioners make quick and reliable decisions. The proposed framework was trained and tested using the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database. The classifier achieved accuracy up to 94% and 98% for arrhythmia detection using noisy and clean data, respectively, with five-fold cross-validation.

GPSPiChain-Blockchain based Self-Contained Family Security System in Smart Home

With advancements in technology, personal computing devices are better adapted for and further integrated into people's lives and homes. The integration of technology into society also results in an increasing desire to control who and what has access to sensitive information, especially for vulnerable people including children and the elderly. With blockchain coming in to the picture as a technology that can revolutionise the world, it is now possible to have an immutable audit trail of locational data over time. By controlling the process through inexpensive equipment in the home, it is possible to control whom has access to such personal data. This paper presents a blockchain based family security system for tracking the location of consenting family members' smart phones. The locations of the family members' smart phones are logged and stored in a private blockchain which can be accessed through a node installed in the family home on a computer. The data for the whereabouts of family members stays within the family unit and does not go to any third party. The system is implemented in a small scale (one miner and two other nodes) and the technical feasibility is discussed along with the limitations of the system. Further research will cover the integration of the system into a smart home environment, and ethical implementations of tracking, especially of vulnerable people, using the immutability of blockchain.

Prediction of Hemolysis Tendency of Peptides using a Reliable Evaluation Method

There are numerous peptides discovered through past decades, which exhibit antimicrobial and anti-cancerous tendencies. Due to these reasons, peptides are supposed to be sound therapeutic candidates. Some peptides can pose low metabolic stability, high toxicity and high hemolity of peptides. This highlights the importance for evaluating hemolytic tendencies and toxicity of peptides, before using them for therapeutics. Traditional methods for evaluation of toxicity of peptides can be time-consuming and costly. In this study, we have extracted peptides data (Hemo-DB) from Database of Antimicrobial Activity and Structure of Peptides (DBAASP) based on certain hemolity criteria and we present a machine learning based method for prediction of hemolytic tendencies of peptides (i.e. Hemolytic or Non-Hemolytic). Our model offers significant improvement on hemolity prediction benchmarks. we also propose a reliable clustering-based train-tests splitting method which ensures that no peptide in train set is more than 40% similar to any peptide in test set. Using this train-test split, we can get reliable estimated of expected model performance on unseen data distribution or newly discovered peptides. Our model tests 0.9986 AUC-ROC (Area Under Receiver Operating Curve) and 97.79% Accuracy on test set of Hemo-DB using traditional random train-test splitting method. Moreover, our model tests AUC-ROC of 0.997 and Accuracy of 97.58% while using clustering-based train-test data split. Furthermore, we check our model on an unseen data distribution (at Hemo-PI 3) and we recorded 0.8726 AUC-ROC and 79.5% accuracy. Using the proposed method, potential therapeutic peptides can be screened, which may further in therapeutics and get reliable predictions for unseen amino acids distribution of peptides and newly discovered peptides.

Towards explainable message passing networks for predicting carbon dioxide adsorption in metal-organic frameworks

Metal-organic framework (MOFs) are nanoporous materials that could be used to capture carbon dioxide from the exhaust gas of fossil fuel power plants to mitigate climate change. In this work, we design and train a message passing neural network (MPNN) to predict simulated CO$_2$ adsorption in MOFs. Towards providing insights into what substructures of the MOFs are important for the prediction, we introduce a soft attention mechanism into the readout function that quantifies the contributions of the node representations towards the graph representations. We investigate different mechanisms for sparse attention to ensure only the most relevant substructures are identified.