PaP-NF: Probabilistic Long-Term Time Series Forecasting via Prefix-as-Prompt Reprogramming and Normalizing Flows

Time series forecasting plays a central role in many real-world applications and has been extensively studied. Most existing approaches rely on deterministic models. However, real-world environments exhibit inherently uncertain and complex future behaviors, making single-point predictions insufficient. This highlights the need for probabilistic forecasting methods that can quantify and represent uncertainty. In this work, we propose PaP-NF, a probabilistic forecasting framework that aligns continuous time series representations with a frozen large language model (LLM) using a Prefix-as-Prompt mechanism, and conditions a normalizing flow decoder on the global context extracted by the LLM. The quality of the resulting predictive distributions is evaluated using the Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS), a standard metric in probabilistic forecasting. Across a variety of long-term forecasting benchmarks, PaP-NF robustly captures multi-modal uncertainty while maintaining competitive point forecasting accuracy. The official implementation is available at: https://github.com/democracy04/PaP-NF

CALAD: Channel-Aware contrastive Learning for multivariate time series Anomaly Detection

Multivariate time series anomaly detection has become increasingly important in real-world applications, where labeled data are often scarce. Many existing approaches rely on unsupervised learning to model normal patterns, but they often treat all channels equally. This design can dilute anomaly-relevant signals, since not all channels contribute equally to anomaly detection. In this paper, we propose CALAD, a channel-aware contrastive learning framework for multivariate time series anomaly detection. CALAD governs the construction of contrastive samples using estimated channel relevance, allowing the learning process to reflect anomaly semantics rather than generic similarity. Channel relevance is estimated from reconstruction errors of a transformer-based autoencoder and is used to distinguish channels that are more influential to anomalous behaviors. Using this information, we design a channel-wise augmentation strategy in which positive and negative samples are constructed based on whether anomaly-relevant channels are preserved or perturbed. This encourages invariance to changes in irrelevant channels while being sensitive to changes in anomaly-relevant channels. Furthermore, CALAD combines contrastive learning and an auxiliary reconstruction head, allowing the model to learn discriminative representations while retaining normal structures. Experiments on multiple real-world datasets shows that CALAD consistently outperforms existing methods, particularly under distribution shift scenarios. We provide the code for reproducibility at https://github.com/hirundo1218/CALAD

CoReVAD: A Contextual Reasoning Framework for Training-Free Video Anomaly Detection

Existing Video Anomaly Detection (VAD) methods typically rely on task-specific training, leading to strong domain dependency and high training costs. Moreover, most existing methods output only scalar anomaly scores, providing limited insight into why specific events are considered abnormal. Recent advances in Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have enabled both anomaly detection and human-interpretable reasoning. However, many VLM-based approaches still require additional training steps (e.g., instruction tuning or verbalized learning) or external Large Language Models (LLMs), incurring further training costs and inference overhead. To address these challenges, we propose CoReVAD, a contextual reasoning framework for training-free video anomaly detection that operates with a single frozen VLM. CoReVAD directly generates anomaly scores and temporal descriptions from the VLM. To mitigate noise in generative outputs, we introduce a Local Response Cleaning (LRC) module based on local vision-text alignment. Furthermore, global temporal context and progression are incorporated through softmax-based refinement, Gaussian smoothing, and position weighting. Experiments on UCF-Crime and XD-Violence demonstrate that CoReVAD achieves competitive performance among training-free methods while providing reliable and interpretable explanations. Our official code is available at: https://github.com/Muk-00/CoReVAD

Distribution Aligning Refinery of Pseudo-label for Imbalanced Semi-supervised Learning

While semi-supervised learning (SSL) has proven to be a promising way for leveraging unlabeled data when labeled data is scarce, the existing SSL algorithms typically assume that training class distributions are balanced. However, these SSL algorithms trained under imbalanced class distributions can severely suffer when generalizing to a balanced testing criterion, since they utilize biased pseudo-labels of unlabeled data toward majority classes. To alleviate this issue, we formulate a convex optimization problem to softly refine the pseudo-labels generated from the biased model, and develop a simple algorithm, named Distribution Aligning Refinery of Pseudo-label (DARP) that solves it provably and efficiently. Under various class-imbalanced semi-supervised scenarios, we demonstrate the effectiveness of DARP and its compatibility with state-of-the-art SSL schemes.