Emphysema Subtyping on Thoracic Computed Tomography Scans using Deep Neural Networks

Accurate identification of emphysema subtypes and severity is crucial for effective management of COPD and the study of disease heterogeneity. Manual analysis of emphysema subtypes and severity is laborious and subjective. To address this challenge, we present a deep learning-based approach for automating the Fleischner Society's visual score system for emphysema subtyping and severity analysis. We trained and evaluated our algorithm using 9650 subjects from the COPDGene study. Our algorithm achieved the predictive accuracy at 52\%, outperforming a previously published method's accuracy of 45\%. In addition, the agreement between the predicted scores of our method and the visual scores was good, where the previous method obtained only moderate agreement. Our approach employs a regression training strategy to generate categorical labels while simultaneously producing high-resolution localized activation maps for visualizing the network predictions. By leveraging these dense activation maps, our method possesses the capability to compute the percentage of emphysema involvement per lung in addition to categorical severity scores. Furthermore, the proposed method extends its predictive capabilities beyond centrilobular emphysema to include paraseptal emphysema subtypes.

Structure and position-aware graph neural network for airway labeling

We present a novel graph-based approach for labeling the anatomical branches of a given airway tree segmentation. The proposed method formulates airway labeling as a branch classification problem in the airway tree graph, where branch features are extracted using convolutional neural networks (CNN) and enriched using graph neural networks. Our graph neural network is structure-aware by having each node aggregate information from its local neighbors and position-aware by encoding node positions in the graph. We evaluated the proposed method on 220 airway trees from subjects with various severity stages of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The results demonstrate that our approach is computationally efficient and significantly improves branch classification performance than the baseline method. The overall average accuracy of our method reaches 91.18\% for labeling all 18 segmental airway branches, compared to 83.83\% obtained by the standard CNN method. We published our source code at https://github.com/DIAGNijmegen/spgnn. The proposed algorithm is also publicly available at https://grand-challenge.org/algorithms/airway-anatomical-labeling/.

Deep Clustering Activation Maps for Emphysema Subtyping

We propose a deep learning clustering method that exploits dense features from a segmentation network for emphysema subtyping from computed tomography (CT) scans. Using dense features enables high-resolution visualization of image regions corresponding to the cluster assignment via dense clustering activation maps (dCAMs). This approach provides model interpretability. We evaluated clustering results on 500 subjects from the COPDGenestudy, where radiologists manually annotated emphysema sub-types according to their visual CT assessment. We achieved a 43% unsupervised clustering accuracy, outperforming our baseline at 41% and yielding results comparable to supervised classification at 45%. The proposed method also offers a better cluster formation than the baseline, achieving0.54 in silhouette coefficient and 0.55 in David-Bouldin scores.

Dense Regression Activation Maps For Lesion Segmentation in CT scans of COVID-19 patients

Automatic lesion segmentation on thoracic CT enables rapid quantitative analysis of lung involvement in COVID- 19 infections. Obtaining voxel-level annotations for training segmentation networks is prohibitively expensive. Therefore we propose a weakly-supervised segmentation method based on dense regression activation maps (dRAM). Most advanced weakly supervised segmentation approaches exploit class activation maps (CAMs) to localize objects generated from high-level semantic features at a coarse resolution. As a result, CAMs provide coarse outlines that do not align precisely with the object segmentations. Instead, we exploit dense features from a segmentation network to compute dense regression activation maps (dRAMs) for preserving local details. During training, dRAMs are pooled lobe-wise to regress the per-lobe lesion percentage. In such a way, the network achieves additional information regarding the lesion quantification in comparison with the classification approach. Furthermore, we refine dRAMs based on an attention module and dense conditional random field trained together with the main regression task. The refined dRAMs are served as the pseudo labels for training a final segmentation network. When evaluated on 69 CT scans, our method substantially improves the intersection over union from 0.335 in the CAM-based weakly supervised segmentation method to 0.495.

Relational Modeling for Robust and Efficient Pulmonary Lobe Segmentation in CT Scans

Pulmonary lobe segmentation in computed tomography scans is essential for regional assessment of pulmonary diseases. Recent works based on convolution neural networks have achieved good performance for this task. However, they are still limited in capturing structured relationships due to the nature of convolution. The shape of the pulmonary lobes affect each other and their borders relate to the appearance of other structures, such as vessels, airways, and the pleural wall. We argue that such structural relationships play a critical role in the accurate delineation of pulmonary lobes when the lungs are affected by diseases such as COVID-19 or COPD. In this paper, we propose a relational approach (RTSU-Net) that leverages structured relationships by introducing a novel non-local neural network module. The proposed module learns both visual and geometric relationships among all convolution features to produce self-attention weights. With a limited amount of training data available from COVID-19 subjects, we initially train and validate RTSU-Net on a cohort of 5000 subjects from the COPDGene study (4000 for training and 1000 for evaluation). Using models pre-trained on COPDGene, we apply transfer learning to retrain and evaluate RTSU-Net on 470 COVID-19 suspects (370 for retraining and 100 for evaluation). Experimental results show that RTSU-Net outperforms three baselines and performs robustly on cases with severe lung infection due to COVID-19.

Contextual Two-Stage U-Nets for Robust Pulmonary Lobe Segmentation in CT Scans of COVID-19 and COPD Patients

Pulmonary lobe segmentation in computed tomography scans is essential for regional assessment of pulmonary diseases. Automated segmentation is still an open problem, especially for scans with substantial abnormalities, such as in COVID-19 infection. Recent works used Convolutional Neural Networks for automatic pulmonary lobe segmentation. Convolution kernels in these networks only respond to local information within the scope of their effective receptive field, and this may be insufficient to capture all necessary contextual information. We argue that contextual information is critically important for accurate delineation of pulmonary lobes, especially when the lungs are severely affected by diseases such as COVID-19 or COPD. In this paper, we propose a contextual two-stage U-net (CTSU-Net) that leverages global context by introducing a first stage in which the receptive field encompasses the entire scan and by using a novel non-local neural network module. The proposed module computes the filter response at one position as a weighted sum of feature responses at all positions, where geometric and visual correlations between features determine weights. With a limited amount of training data available from COVID-19 subjects, we initially train and validate CTSU-Net on a cohort of 5000 subjects from the COPDGene study (4000 for training and 1000 for evaluation). Using models pretrained COPDGene, we apply transfer learning to retrain and evaluate CTSU-Net on 204 COVID-19 subjects (104 for retraining and 100 for evaluation). Experimental results show that CTSU-Net outperforms state-of-the-art baselines and performs robustly on cases with incomplete fissures and severe lung infection due to COVID-19.

2.75D Convolutional Neural Network for Pulmonary Nodule Classification in Chest CT

Early detection and classification of pulmonary nodules in Chest Computed tomography (CT) images is an essential step for effective treatment of lung cancer. However, due to the large volume of CT data, finding nodules in chest CT is a time consuming thus error prone task for radiologists. Benefited from the recent advances in Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets), many algorithms based on ConvNets for automatic nodule detection have been proposed. According to the data representation in their input, these algorithms can be further categorized into: 2D, 3D and 2.5D which uses a combination of 2D images to approximate 3D information. Leveraging 3D spatial and contextual information, the method using 3D input generally outperform that based on 2D or 2.5D input, whereas its large memory footprints becomes the bottleneck for many applications. In this paper, we propose a novel 2D data representation of a 3D CT volume, which is constructed by spiral scanning a set of radials originated from the 3D volume center, referred to as the 2.75D. Comparing to the 2.5D, the 2.75D representation captures omni-directional spatial information of a 3D volume. Based on 2.75D representation of 3D nodule candidates in Chest CT, we train a convolutional neural network to perform the false positive reduction in the nodule detection pipeline. We evaluate the nodule false positive reduction system on the LUNA16 data set which contains 1186 nodules out of 551,065 candidates. By comparing 2.75D with 2D, 2.5D and 3D, we show that our system using 2.75D input outperforms 2D and 2.5D, yet slightly inferior to the systems using 3D input. The proposed strategy dramatically reduces the memory consumption thus allow fast inference and training by enabling larger number of batches comparing to the methods using 3D input.