Pretraining Vision-Language Model for Difference Visual Question Answering in Longitudinal Chest X-rays

Difference visual question answering (diff-VQA) is a challenging task that requires answering complex questions based on differences between a pair of images. This task is particularly important in reading chest X-ray images because radiologists often compare multiple images of the same patient taken at different times to track disease progression and changes in its severity in their clinical practice. However, previous works focused on designing specific network architectures for the diff-VQA task, missing opportunities to enhance the model's performance using a pretrained vision-language model (VLM). Here, we introduce a novel VLM called PLURAL, which is pretrained on natural and longitudinal chest X-ray data for the diff-VQA task. The model is developed using a step-by-step approach, starting with being pretrained on natural images and texts, followed by being trained using longitudinal chest X-ray data. The longitudinal data consist of pairs of X-ray images, along with question-answer sets and radiologist's reports that describe the changes in lung abnormalities and diseases over time. Our experimental results show that the PLURAL model outperforms state-of-the-art methods not only in diff-VQA for longitudinal X-rays but also in conventional VQA for a single X-ray image. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed VLM architecture and pretraining method in improving the model's performance.

MEMTO: Memory-guided Transformer for Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection

Detecting anomalies in real-world multivariate time series data is challenging due to complex temporal dependencies and inter-variable correlations. Recently, reconstruction-based deep models have been widely used to solve the problem. However, these methods still suffer from an over-generalization issue and fail to deliver consistently high performance. To address this issue, we propose the MEMTO, a memory-guided Transformer using a reconstruction-based approach. It is designed to incorporate a novel memory module that can learn the degree to which each memory item should be updated in response to the input data. To stabilize the training procedure, we use a two-phase training paradigm which involves using K-means clustering for initializing memory items. Additionally, we introduce a bi-dimensional deviation-based detection criterion that calculates anomaly scores considering both input space and latent space. We evaluate our proposed method on five real-world datasets from diverse domains, and it achieves an average anomaly detection F1-score of 95.74%, significantly outperforming the previous state-of-the-art methods. We also conduct extensive experiments to empirically validate the effectiveness of our proposed model's key components.

Named Entity Normalization Model Using Edge Weight Updating Neural Network: Assimilation Between Knowledge-Driven Graph and Data-Driven Graph

Discriminating the matched named entity pairs or identifying the entities' canonical forms are critical in text mining tasks. More precise named entity normalization in text mining will benefit other subsequent text analytic applications. We built the named entity normalization model with a novel Edge Weight Updating Neural Network. Our proposed model when tested on four different datasets achieved state-of-the-art results. We, next, verify our model's performance on NCBI Disease, BC5CDR Disease, and BC5CDR Chemical databases, which are widely used named entity normalization datasets in the bioinformatics field. We also tested our model with our own financial named entity normalization dataset to validate the efficacy for more general applications. Using the constructed dataset, we differentiate named entity pairs. Our model achieved the highest named entity normalization performances in terms of various evaluation metrics.

Automatic Construction of Context-Aware Sentiment Lexicon in the Financial Domain Using Direction-Dependent Words

Increasing attention has been drawn to the sentiment analysis of financial documents. The most popular examples of such documents include analyst reports and economic news, the analysis of which is frequently used to capture the trends in market sentiments. On the other hand, the significance of the role sentiment analysis plays in the financial domain has given rise to the efforts to construct a financial domain-specific sentiment lexicon. Sentiment lexicons lend a hand for solving various text mining tasks, such as unsupervised classification of text data, while alleviating the arduous human labor required for manual labeling. One of the challenges in the construction of an effective sentiment lexicon is that the semantic orientation of a word may change depending on the context in which it appears. For instance, the word ``profit" usually conveys positive sentiments; however, when the word is juxtaposed with another word ``decrease," the sentiment associated with the phrase ``profit decreases" now becomes negative. Hence, the sentiment of a given word may shift as one begins to consider the context surrounding the word. In this paper, we address this issue by incorporating context when building sentiment lexicon from a given corpus. Specifically, we construct a lexicon named Senti-DD for the Sentiment lexicon composed of Direction-Dependent words, which expresses each term a pair of a directional word and a direction-dependent word. Experiment results show that higher classification performance is achieved with Senti-DD, proving the effectiveness of our method for automatically constructing a context-aware sentiment lexicon in the financial domain.

SARN: Relational Reasoning through Sequential Attention

This paper proposes an attention module augmented relational network called SARN(Sequential Attention Relational Network) that can carry out relational reasoning by extracting reference objects and making efficient pairing between objects. SARN greatly reduces the computational and memory requirements of the relational network, which computes all object pairs. It also shows high accuracy on the Sort-of-CLEVR dataset compared to other models, especially on relational questions.

CRAM: Clued Recurrent Attention Model

To overcome the poor scalability of convolutional neural network, recurrent attention model(RAM) selectively choose what and where to look on the image. By directing recurrent attention model how to look the image, RAM can be even more successful in that the given clue narrow down the scope of the possible focus zone. In this perspective, this work proposes clued recurrent attention model (CRAM) which add clue or constraint on the RAM better problem solving. CRAM follows encoder-decoder framework, encoder utilizes recurrent attention model with spatial transformer network and decoder which varies depending on the task. To ensure the performance, CRAM tackles two computer vision task. One is the image classification task, with clue given as the binary image saliency which indicates the approximate location of object. The other is the inpainting task, with clue given as binary mask which indicates the occluded part. In both tasks, CRAM shows better performance than existing methods showing the successful extension of RAM.

Finding ReMO (Related Memory Object): A Simple Neural Architecture for Text based Reasoning

To solve the text-based question and answering task that requires relational reasoning, it is necessary to memorize a large amount of information and find out the question relevant information from the memory. Most approaches were based on external memory and four components proposed by Memory Network. The distinctive component among them was the way of finding the necessary information and it contributes to the performance. Recently, a simple but powerful neural network module for reasoning called Relation Network (RN) has been introduced. We analyzed RN from the view of Memory Network, and realized that its MLP component is able to reveal the complicate relation between question and object pair. Motivated from it, we introduce which uses MLP to find out relevant information on Memory Network architecture. It shows new state-of-the-art results in jointly trained bAbI-10k story-based question answering tasks and bAbI dialog-based question answering tasks.

Squeezed Convolutional Variational AutoEncoder for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection in Edge Device Industrial Internet of Things

In this paper, we propose Squeezed Convolutional Variational AutoEncoder (SCVAE) for anomaly detection in time series data for Edge Computing in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). The proposed model is applied to labeled time series data from UCI datasets for exact performance evaluation, and applied to real world data for indirect model performance comparison. In addition, by comparing the models before and after applying Fire Modules from SqueezeNet, we show that model size and inference times are reduced while similar levels of performance is maintained.

Distance-based Self-Attention Network for Natural Language Inference

Attention mechanism has been used as an ancillary means to help RNN or CNN. However, the Transformer (Vaswani et al., 2017) recently recorded the state-of-the-art performance in machine translation with a dramatic reduction in training time by solely using attention. Motivated by the Transformer, Directional Self Attention Network (Shen et al., 2017), a fully attention-based sentence encoder, was proposed. It showed good performance with various data by using forward and backward directional information in a sentence. But in their study, not considered at all was the distance between words, an important feature when learning the local dependency to help understand the context of input text. We propose Distance-based Self-Attention Network, which considers the word distance by using a simple distance mask in order to model the local dependency without losing the ability of modeling global dependency which attention has inherent. Our model shows good performance with NLI data, and it records the new state-of-the-art result with SNLI data. Additionally, we show that our model has a strength in long sentences or documents.