Population-Robust Feature Selection via Generalized Welfare Optimization

Choosing which features to collect is a deployment decision: the same limited questionnaire, test panel, or sensor set may need to serve several heterogeneous populations. Standard feature-selection methods typically optimize for one large population, while existing robust approaches tend to learn one shared model for every population. We introduce PopFS, a method for learning one shared, deployable feature set that is robust to population differences while letting each pop- ulation train its own model. PopFS uses a tunable welfare objective that lets practitioners balance overall predictive ben- efit against stronger protection of the populations that benefit least. To make this objective practical at scale, PopFS first uses multitask sparse learning to reduce the candidate pool, then searches directly over hard feature sets by ranking promising additions and swaps and fully refitting only a shortlist. Across eight population splits from six prediction tasks drawn from five tabular and public-health datasets, PopFS consistently achieves strong average and worst-population performance while scaling to thousands of candidate features. A 43-state COVID-19 nowcasting study further shows that changing the welfare objective can improve the least-served states with lit- tle change in average performance and yields an interpretable change in the selected symptom signals. Our code is available at https://github.com/Rachel-Lyu/PopFS.

SpatialEpiBench: Benchmarking Spatial Information and Epidemic Priors in Forecasting

Accurate epidemic forecasting is crucial for public health response, resource allocation, and outbreak intervention, but remains difficult with sparse, noisy, and highly non-stationary data. Because epidemics unfold across interacting regions, spatiotemporal methods are natural candidates for improving forecasts. Despite growing interest in spatial information, no standardized benchmark exists, and current evaluations often use simple chronological train-test splits that do not reflect real-time forecasting practice. We address this gap with SpatialEpiBench, a challenging benchmark for spatiotemporal epidemic forecasting in realistic public-health settings. SpatialEpiBench includes 11 epidemic datasets with standardized rolling evaluations and outbreak-specific metrics. We evaluate adjacency-informed forecasting models with widely used epidemic priors that adapt general models to epidemiology, but find that most methods underperform a simple last-value baseline from 1 day to 1 month ahead, even during outbreaks and with these priors. We identify three major failure modes: (1) poor outbreak anticipation, (2) difficulty handling sparsity and noise, and (3) limited utility of common geographic adjacency for epidemiological spatial information. We release benchmark data, code, and instructions at https://github.com/Rachel-Lyu/SpatialEpiBench to support development of operationally useful epidemic forecasting models.

Combining digital data streams and epidemic networks for real time outbreak detection

Responding to disease outbreaks requires close surveillance of their trajectories, but outbreak detection is hindered by the high noise in epidemic time series. Aggregating information across data sources has shown great denoising ability in other fields, but remains underexplored in epidemiology. Here, we present LRTrend, an interpretable machine learning framework to identify outbreaks in real time. LRTrend effectively aggregates diverse health and behavioral data streams within one region and learns disease-specific epidemic networks to aggregate information across regions. We reveal diverse epidemic clusters and connections across the United States that are not well explained by commonly used human mobility networks and may be informative for future public health coordination. We apply LRTrend to 2 years of COVID-19 data in 305 hospital referral regions and frequently detect regional Delta and Omicron waves within 2 weeks of the outbreak's start, when case counts are a small fraction of the wave's resulting peak.

Predicting Language Models' Success at Zero-Shot Probabilistic Prediction

Recent work has investigated the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) as zero-shot models for generating individual-level characteristics (e.g., to serve as risk models or augment survey datasets). However, when should a user have confidence that an LLM will provide high-quality predictions for their particular task? To address this question, we conduct a large-scale empirical study of LLMs' zero-shot predictive capabilities across a wide range of tabular prediction tasks. We find that LLMs' performance is highly variable, both on tasks within the same dataset and across different datasets. However, when the LLM performs well on the base prediction task, its predicted probabilities become a stronger signal for individual-level accuracy. Then, we construct metrics to predict LLMs' performance at the task level, aiming to distinguish between tasks where LLMs may perform well and where they are likely unsuitable. We find that some of these metrics, each of which are assessed without labeled data, yield strong signals of LLMs' predictive performance on new tasks.

Explaining Concept Shift with Interpretable Feature Attribution

Regardless the amount of data a machine learning (ML) model is trained on, there will inevitably be data that differs from their training set, lowering model performance. Concept shift occurs when the distribution of labels conditioned on the features changes, making even a well-tuned ML model to have learned a fundamentally incorrect representation. Identifying these shifted features provides unique insight into how one dataset differs from another, considering the difference may be across a scientifically relevant dimension, such as time, disease status, population, etc. In this paper, we propose SGShift, a model for detecting concept shift in tabular data and attributing reduced model performance to a sparse set of shifted features. SGShift models concept shift with a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) and performs subsequent feature selection to identify shifted features. We propose further extensions of SGShift by incorporating knockoffs to control false discoveries and an absorption term to account for models with poor fit to the data. We conduct extensive experiments in synthetic and real data across various ML models and find SGShift can identify shifted features with AUC $>0.9$ and recall $>90\%$, often 2 or 3 times as high as baseline methods.

Federated Epidemic Surveillance

The surveillance of a pandemic is a challenging task, especially when crucial data is distributed and stakeholders cannot or are unwilling to share. To overcome this obstacle, federated methodologies should be developed to incorporate less sensitive evidence that entities are willing to provide. This study aims to explore the feasibility of pushing hypothesis tests behind each custodian's firewall and then meta-analysis to combine the results, and to determine the optimal approach for reconstructing the hypothesis test and optimizing the inference. We propose a hypothesis testing framework to identify a surge in the indicators and conduct power analyses and experiments on real and semi-synthetic data to showcase the properties of our proposed hypothesis test and suggest suitable methods for combining $p$-values. Our findings highlight the potential of using $p$-value combination as a federated methodology for pandemic surveillance and provide valuable insights into integrating available data sources.