RADIUS: Ranking, Distribution, and Significance - A Comprehensive Alignment Suite for Survey Simulation

Simulation of surveys using LLMs is emerging as a powerful application for generating human-like responses at scale. Prior work evaluates survey simulation using metrics borrowed from other domains, which are often ad hoc, fragmented, and non-standardized, leading to results that are difficult to compare. Moreover, existing metrics focus mainly on accuracy or distributional measures, overlooking the critical dimension of ranking alignment. In practice, a simulation can achieve high accuracy while still failing to capture the option most preferred by humans - a distinction that is critical in decision-making applications. We introduce RADIUS, a comprehensive two-dimensional alignment suite for survey simulation that captures: 1) RAnking alignment and 2) DIstribUtion alignment, each complemented by statistical Significance testing. RADIUS highlights the limitations of existing metrics, enables more meaningful evaluation of survey simulation, and provides an open-source implementation for reproducible and comparable assessment.

Deep Domain Specialisation for single-model multi-domain learning to rank

Information Retrieval (IR) practitioners often train separate ranking models for different domains (geographic regions, languages, stores, websites,...) as it is believed that exclusively training on in-domain data yields the best performance when sufficient data is available. Despite their performance gains, training multiple models comes at a higher cost to train, maintain and update compared to having only a single model responsible for all domains. Our work explores consolidated ranking models that serve multiple domains. Specifically, we propose a novel architecture of Deep Domain Specialisation (DDS) to consolidate multiple domains into a single model. We compare our proposal against Deep Domain Adaptation (DDA) and a set of baseline for multi-domain models. In our experiments, DDS performed the best overall while requiring fewer parameters per domain as other baselines. We show the efficacy of our method both with offline experimentation and on a large-scale online experiment on Amazon customer traffic.

RankFormer: Listwise Learning-to-Rank Using Listwide Labels

Web applications where users are presented with a limited selection of items have long employed ranking models to put the most relevant results first. Any feedback received from users is typically assumed to reflect a relative judgement on the utility of items, e.g. a user clicking on an item only implies it is better than items not clicked in the same ranked list. Hence, the objectives optimized in Learning-to-Rank (LTR) tend to be pairwise or listwise. Yet, by only viewing feedback as relative, we neglect the user's absolute feedback on the list's overall quality, e.g. when no items in the selection are clicked. We thus reconsider the standard LTR paradigm and argue the benefits of learning from this listwide signal. To this end, we propose the RankFormer as an architecture that, with a Transformer at its core, can jointly optimize a novel listwide assessment objective and a traditional listwise LTR objective. We simulate implicit feedback on public datasets and observe that the RankFormer succeeds in benefitting from listwide signals. Additionally, we conduct experiments in e-commerce on Amazon Search data and find the RankFormer to be superior to all baselines offline. An online experiment shows that knowledge distillation can be used to find immediate practical use for the RankFormer.