Urban Air Mobility as a System of Systems: An LLM-Enhanced Holonic Approach

Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is an emerging System of System (SoS) that faces challenges in system architecture, planning, task management, and execution. Traditional architectural approaches struggle with scalability, adaptability, and seamless resource integration within dynamic and complex environments. This paper presents an intelligent holonic architecture that incorporates Large Language Model (LLM) to manage the complexities of UAM. Holons function semi autonomously, allowing for real time coordination among air taxis, ground transport, and vertiports. LLMs process natural language inputs, generate adaptive plans, and manage disruptions such as weather changes or airspace closures.Through a case study of multimodal transportation with electric scooters and air taxis, we demonstrate how this architecture enables dynamic resource allocation, real time replanning, and autonomous adaptation without centralized control, creating more resilient and efficient urban transportation networks. By advancing decentralized control and AI driven adaptability, this work lays the groundwork for resilient, human centric UAM ecosystems, with future efforts targeting hybrid AI integration and real world validation.

LLM-Ehnanced Holonic Architecture for Ad-Hoc Scalable SoS

As modern system of systems (SoS) become increasingly adaptive and human centred, traditional architectures often struggle to support interoperability, reconfigurability, and effective human system interaction. This paper addresses these challenges by advancing the state of the art holonic architecture for SoS, offering two main contributions to support these adaptive needs. First, we propose a layered architecture for holons, which includes reasoning, communication, and capabilities layers. This design facilitates seamless interoperability among heterogeneous constituent systems by improving data exchange and integration. Second, inspired by principles of intelligent manufacturing, we introduce specialised holons namely, supervisor, planner, task, and resource holons aimed at enhancing the adaptability and reconfigurability of SoS. These specialised holons utilise large language models within their reasoning layers to support decision making and ensure real time adaptability. We demonstrate our approach through a 3D mobility case study focused on smart city transportation, showcasing its potential for managing complex, multimodal SoS environments. Additionally, we propose evaluation methods to assess the architecture efficiency and scalability,laying the groundwork for future empirical validations through simulations and real world implementations.

Holon Programming Model -- A Software-Defined Approach for System of Systems

As Systems of Systems evolve into increasingly complex networks, harnessing their collective potential becomes paramount. Traditional SoS engineering approaches lack the necessary programmability to develop third party SoS level behaviors. To address this challenge, we propose a software defined approach to enable flexible and adaptive programming of SoS. We introduce the Holon Programming Model, a software-defined framework designed to meet these needs. The Holon Programming Model empowers developers to design and orchestrate complex system behaviors effectively, as illustrated in our disaster management scenario. This research outlines the Holon Programming Model theoretical underpinnings and practical applications, with the aim of driving further exploration and advancement in the field of software defined SoS