Infant hip screening using multi-class ultrasound scan segmentation

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a condition in infants where the femoral head is incorrectly located in the hip joint. We propose a deep learning algorithm for segmenting key structures within ultrasound images, employing this to calculate Femoral Head Coverage (FHC) and provide a screening diagnosis for DDH. To our knowledge, this is the first study to automate FHC calculation for DDH screening. Our algorithm outperforms the international state of the art, agreeing with expert clinicians on 89.8% of our test images.

Triple-View Feature Learning for Medical Image Segmentation

Deep learning models, e.g. supervised Encoder-Decoder style networks, exhibit promising performance in medical image segmentation, but come with a high labelling cost. We propose TriSegNet, a semi-supervised semantic segmentation framework. It uses triple-view feature learning on a limited amount of labelled data and a large amount of unlabeled data. The triple-view architecture consists of three pixel-level classifiers and a low-level shared-weight learning module. The model is first initialized with labelled data. Label processing, including data perturbation, confidence label voting and unconfident label detection for annotation, enables the model to train on labelled and unlabeled data simultaneously. The confidence of each model gets improved through the other two views of the feature learning. This process is repeated until each model reaches the same confidence level as its counterparts. This strategy enables triple-view learning of generic medical image datasets. Bespoke overlap-based and boundary-based loss functions are tailored to the different stages of the training. The segmentation results are evaluated on four publicly available benchmark datasets including Ultrasound, CT, MRI, and Histology images. Repeated experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed network compared against other semi-supervised algorithms, across a large set of evaluation measures.

Learning Underrepresented Classes from Decentralized Partially Labeled Medical Images

Using decentralized data for federated training is one promising emerging research direction for alleviating data scarcity in the medical domain. However, in contrast to large-scale fully labeled data commonly seen in general object recognition tasks, the local medical datasets are more likely to only have images annotated for a subset of classes of interest due to high annotation costs. In this paper, we consider a practical yet under-explored problem, where underrepresented classes only have few labeled instances available and only exist in a few clients of the federated system. We show that standard federated learning approaches fail to learn robust multi-label classifiers with extreme class imbalance and address it by proposing a novel federated learning framework, FedFew. FedFew consists of three stages, where the first stage leverages federated self-supervised learning to learn class-agnostic representations. In the second stage, the decentralized partially labeled data are exploited to learn an energy-based multi-label classifier for the common classes. Finally, the underrepresented classes are detected based on the energy and a prototype-based nearest-neighbor model is proposed for few-shot matching. We evaluate FedFew on multi-label thoracic disease classification tasks and demonstrate that it outperforms the federated baselines by a large margin.

Revisiting Vicinal Risk Minimization for Partially Supervised Multi-Label Classification Under Data Scarcity

Due to the high human cost of annotation, it is non-trivial to curate a large-scale medical dataset that is fully labeled for all classes of interest. Instead, it would be convenient to collect multiple small partially labeled datasets from different matching sources, where the medical images may have only been annotated for a subset of classes of interest. This paper offers an empirical understanding of an under-explored problem, namely partially supervised multi-label classification (PSMLC), where a multi-label classifier is trained with only partially labeled medical images. In contrast to the fully supervised counterpart, the partial supervision caused by medical data scarcity has non-trivial negative impacts on the model performance. A potential remedy could be augmenting the partial labels. Though vicinal risk minimization (VRM) has been a promising solution to improve the generalization ability of the model, its application to PSMLC remains an open question. To bridge the methodological gap, we provide the first VRM-based solution to PSMLC. The empirical results also provide insights into future research directions on partially supervised learning under data scarcity.

Federated Contrastive Learning for Decentralized Unlabeled Medical Images

A label-efficient paradigm in computer vision is based on self-supervised contrastive pre-training on unlabeled data followed by fine-tuning with a small number of labels. Making practical use of a federated computing environment in the clinical domain and learning on medical images poses specific challenges. In this work, we propose FedMoCo, a robust federated contrastive learning (FCL) framework, which makes efficient use of decentralized unlabeled medical data. FedMoCo has two novel modules: metadata transfer, an inter-node statistical data augmentation module, and self-adaptive aggregation, an aggregation module based on representational similarity analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first FCL work on medical images. Our experiments show that FedMoCo can consistently outperform FedAvg, a seminal federated learning framework, in extracting meaningful representations for downstream tasks. We further show that FedMoCo can substantially reduce the amount of labeled data required in a downstream task, such as COVID-19 detection, to achieve a reasonable performance.

Negational Symmetry of Quantum Neural Networks for Binary Pattern Classification

Entanglement is a physical phenomenon, which has fueled recent successes of quantum algorithms. Although quantum neural networks (QNNs) have shown promising results in solving simple machine learning tasks recently, for the time being, the effect of entanglement in QNNs and the behavior of QNNs in binary pattern classification are still underexplored. In this work, we provide some theoretical insight into the properties of QNNs by presenting and analyzing a new form of invariance embedded in QNNs for both quantum binary classification and quantum representation learning, which we term negational symmetry. Given a quantum binary signal and its negational counterpart where a bitwise NOT operation is applied to each quantum bit of the binary signal, a QNN outputs the same logits. That is to say, QNNs cannot differentiate a quantum binary signal and its negational counterpart in a binary classification task. We further empirically evaluate the negational symmetry of QNNs in binary pattern classification tasks using Google's quantum computing framework. The theoretical and experimental results suggest that negational symmetry is a fundamental property of QNNs, which is not shared by classical models. Our findings also imply that negational symmetry is a double-edged sword in practical quantum applications.

Towards Robust Medical Image Segmentation on Small-Scale Data with Incomplete Labels

The data-driven nature of deep learning models for semantic segmentation requires a large number of pixel-level annotations. However, large-scale and fully labeled medical datasets are often unavailable for practical tasks. Recently, partially supervised methods have been proposed to utilize images with incomplete labels to mitigate the data scarcity problem in the medical domain. As an emerging research area, the breakthroughs made by existing methods rely on either large-scale data or complex model design, which makes them 1) less practical for certain real-life tasks and 2) less robust for small-scale data. It is time to step back and think about the robustness of partially supervised methods and how to maximally utilize small-scale and partially labeled data for medical image segmentation tasks. To bridge the methodological gaps in label-efficient deep learning with partial supervision, we propose RAMP, a simple yet efficient data augmentation framework for partially supervised medical image segmentation by exploiting the assumption that patients share anatomical similarities. We systematically evaluate RAMP and the previous methods in various controlled multi-structure segmentation tasks. Compared to the mainstream approaches, RAMP consistently improves the performance of traditional segmentation networks on small-scale partially labeled data and utilize additional image-wise weak annotations.

A translational pathway of deep learning methods in GastroIntestinal Endoscopy

The Endoscopy Computer Vision Challenge (EndoCV) is a crowd-sourcing initiative to address eminent problems in developing reliable computer aided detection and diagnosis endoscopy systems and suggest a pathway for clinical translation of technologies. Whilst endoscopy is a widely used diagnostic and treatment tool for hollow-organs, there are several core challenges often faced by endoscopists, mainly: 1) presence of multi-class artefacts that hinder their visual interpretation, and 2) difficulty in identifying subtle precancerous precursors and cancer abnormalities. Artefacts often affect the robustness of deep learning methods applied to the gastrointestinal tract organs as they can be confused with tissue of interest. EndoCV2020 challenges are designed to address research questions in these remits. In this paper, we present a summary of methods developed by the top 17 teams and provide an objective comparison of state-of-the-art methods and methods designed by the participants for two sub-challenges: i) artefact detection and segmentation (EAD2020), and ii) disease detection and segmentation (EDD2020). Multi-center, multi-organ, multi-class, and multi-modal clinical endoscopy datasets were compiled for both EAD2020 and EDD2020 sub-challenges. An out-of-sample generalisation ability of detection algorithms was also evaluated. Whilst most teams focused on accuracy improvements, only a few methods hold credibility for clinical usability. The best performing teams provided solutions to tackle class imbalance, and variabilities in size, origin, modality and occurrences by exploring data augmentation, data fusion, and optimal class thresholding techniques.

RRA-U-Net: a Residual Encoder to Attention Decoder by Residual Connections Framework for Spine Segmentation under Noisy Labels

Segmentation algorithms of medical image volumes are widely studied for many clinical and research purposes. We propose a novel and efficient framework for medical image segmentation. The framework functions under a deep learning paradigm, incorporating four novel contributions. Firstly, a residual interconnection is explored in different scale encoders. Secondly, four copy and crop connections are replaced to residual-block-based concatenation to alleviate the disparity between encoders and decoders, respectively. Thirdly, convolutional attention modules for feature refinement are studied on all scale decoders. Finally, an adaptive clean noisy label learning strategy(ACNLL) based on the training process from underfitting to overfitting is studied. Experimental results are illustrated on a publicly available benchmark database of spine CTs. Our segmentation framework achieves competitive performance with other state-of-the-art methods over a variety of different evaluation measures.

Deep Learning in Medical Ultrasound Image Segmentation: a Review

Applying machine learning technologies, especially deep learning, into medical image segmentation is being widely studied because of its state-of-the-art performance and results. It can be a key step to provide a reliable basis for clinical diagnosis, such as 3D reconstruction of human tissues, image-guided interventions, image analyzing and visualization. In this review article, deep-learning-based methods for ultrasound image segmentation are categorized into six main groups according to their architectures and training at first. Secondly, for each group, several current representative algorithms are selected, introduced, analyzed and summarized in detail. In addition, common evaluation methods for image segmentation and ultrasound image segmentation datasets are summarized. Further, the performance of the current methods and their evaluations are reviewed. In the end, the challenges and potential research directions for medical ultrasound image segmentation are discussed.