Interactive $360^{\circ}$ Video Streaming Using FoV-Adaptive Coding with Temporal Prediction

For $360^{\circ}$ video streaming, FoV-adaptive coding that allocates more bits for the predicted user's field of view (FoV) is an effective way to maximize the rendered video quality under the limited bandwidth. We develop a low-latency FoV-adaptive coding and streaming system for interactive applications that is robust to bandwidth variations and FoV prediction errors. To minimize the end-to-end delay and yet maximize the coding efficiency, we propose a frame-level FoV-adaptive inter-coding structure. In each frame, regions that are in or near the predicted FoV are coded using temporal and spatial prediction, while a small rotating region is coded with spatial prediction only. This rotating intra region periodically refreshes the entire frame, thereby providing robustness to both FoV prediction errors and frame losses due to transmission errors. The system adapts the sizes and rates of different regions for each video segment to maximize the rendered video quality under the predicted bandwidth constraint. Integrating such frame-level FoV adaptation with temporal prediction is challenging due to the temporal variations of the FoV. We propose novel ways for modeling the influence of FoV dynamics on the quality-rate performance of temporal predictive coding.We further develop LSTM-based machine learning models to predict the user's FoV and network bandwidth.The proposed system is compared with three benchmark systems, using real-world network bandwidth traces and FoV traces, and is shown to significantly improve the rendered video quality, while achieving very low end-to-end delay and low frame-freeze probability.