Cellular Signal Constructed Convolutional Vision Transformer for High Accuracy Positioning

Modern cellular systems employ wide bandwidths and large antenna arrays to meet high data rate requirements. The high spatial and temporal resolution for communication also enables high-accuracy positioning as an ancillary benefit. Standard convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and vision Transformers have demonstrated excellent performance in positioning by leveraging delay-angle domain channel representations. However, they still face practical challenges in complicated cellular environments with low signal-to-noise ratios and severe inter-cell interference. This paper proposes a hybrid convolutional vision Transformer (ConViT) architecture that integrates the local receptive fields of CNNs to suppress local noise and employs Transformers to capture global attention among different multipath components. Various fusion strategies for combining signals from multiple distributed base stations are also evaluated. An extended Kalman filter with sensor fusion is applied to further mitigate long tail fluctuations of model estimates. Comprehensive validation is conducted with commercial long-term-evolution signals received by a large antenna array in urban environments with non line-of-sight signals and strong inter-cell interference. ConViT achieves a distance root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.46 meters and a yaw RMSE of 2.54 degrees, significantly outperforming benchmark models, while maintaining a lower parameter count and reduced computational complexity. Finally, a correspondence analysis between delay-angle power distributions and Transformer attention weights demonstrates the interpretability of the model.