Integrated Image and Location Analysis for Wound Classification: A Deep Learning Approach

The global burden of acute and chronic wounds presents a compelling case for enhancing wound classification methods, a vital step in diagnosing and determining optimal treatments. Recognizing this need, we introduce an innovative multi-modal network based on a deep convolutional neural network for categorizing wounds into four categories: diabetic, pressure, surgical, and venous ulcers. Our multi-modal network uses wound images and their corresponding body locations for more precise classification. A unique aspect of our methodology is incorporating a body map system that facilitates accurate wound location tagging, improving upon traditional wound image classification techniques. A distinctive feature of our approach is the integration of models such as VGG16, ResNet152, and EfficientNet within a novel architecture. This architecture includes elements like spatial and channel-wise Squeeze-and-Excitation modules, Axial Attention, and an Adaptive Gated Multi-Layer Perceptron, providing a robust foundation for classification. Our multi-modal network was trained and evaluated on two distinct datasets comprising relevant images and corresponding location information. Notably, our proposed network outperformed traditional methods, reaching an accuracy range of 74.79% to 100% for Region of Interest (ROI) without location classifications, 73.98% to 100% for ROI with location classifications, and 78.10% to 100% for whole image classifications. This marks a significant enhancement over previously reported performance metrics in the literature. Our results indicate the potential of our multi-modal network as an effective decision-support tool for wound image classification, paving the way for its application in various clinical contexts.

Diffusion Models for Probabilistic Deconvolution of Galaxy Images

Telescopes capture images with a particular point spread function (PSF). Inferring what an image would have looked like with a much sharper PSF, a problem known as PSF deconvolution, is ill-posed because PSF convolution is not an invertible transformation. Deep generative models are appealing for PSF deconvolution because they can infer a posterior distribution over candidate images that, if convolved with the PSF, could have generated the observation. However, classical deep generative models such as VAEs and GANs often provide inadequate sample diversity. As an alternative, we propose a classifier-free conditional diffusion model for PSF deconvolution of galaxy images. We demonstrate that this diffusion model captures a greater diversity of possible deconvolutions compared to a conditional VAE.

Variational Inference with Coverage Guarantees

Amortized variational inference produces a posterior approximator that can compute a posterior approximation given any new observation. Unfortunately, there are few guarantees about the quality of these approximate posteriors. We propose Conformalized Amortized Neural Variational Inference (CANVI), a procedure that is scalable, easily implemented, and provides guaranteed marginal coverage. Given a collection of candidate amortized posterior approximators, CANVI constructs conformalized predictors based on each candidate, compares the predictors using a metric known as predictive efficiency, and returns the most efficient predictor. CANVI ensures that the resulting predictor constructs regions that contain the truth with high probability (exactly how high is prespecified by the user). CANVI is agnostic to design decisions in formulating the candidate approximators and only requires access to samples from the forward model, permitting its use in likelihood-free settings. We prove lower bounds on the predictive efficiency of the regions produced by CANVI and explore how the quality of a posterior approximation relates to the predictive efficiency of prediction regions based on that approximation. Finally, we demonstrate the accurate calibration and high predictive efficiency of CANVI on a suite of simulation-based inference benchmark tasks and an important scientific task: analyzing galaxy emission spectra.

FUSegNet: A Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Foot Ulcer Segmentation

This paper presents FUSegNet, a new model for foot ulcer segmentation in diabetes patients, which uses the pre-trained EfficientNet-b7 as a backbone to address the issue of limited training samples. A modified spatial and channel squeeze-and-excitation (scSE) module called parallel scSE or P-scSE is proposed that combines additive and max-out scSE. A new arrangement is introduced for the module by fusing it in the middle of each decoder stage. As the top decoder stage carries a limited number of feature maps, max-out scSE is bypassed there to form a shorted P-scSE. A set of augmentations, comprising geometric, morphological, and intensity-based augmentations, is applied before feeding the data into the network. The proposed model is first evaluated on a publicly available chronic wound dataset where it achieves a data-based dice score of 92.70%, which is the highest score among the reported approaches. The model outperforms other scSE-based UNet models in terms of Pratt's figure of merits (PFOM) scores in most categories, which evaluates the accuracy of edge localization. The model is then tested in the MICCAI 2021 FUSeg challenge, where a variation of FUSegNet called x-FUSegNet is submitted. The x-FUSegNet model, which takes the average of outputs obtained by FUSegNet using 5-fold cross-validation, achieves a dice score of 89.23%, placing it at the top of the FUSeg Challenge leaderboard. The source code for the model is available on https://github.com/mrinal054/FUSegNet.

Neural Network Training and Non-Differentiable Objective Functions

Many important computer vision tasks are naturally formulated to have a non-differentiable objective. Therefore, the standard, dominant training procedure of a neural network is not applicable since back-propagation requires the gradients of the objective with respect to the output of the model. Most deep learning methods side-step the problem sub-optimally by using a proxy loss for training, which was originally designed for another task and is not tailored to the specifics of the objective. The proxy loss functions may or may not align well with the original non-differentiable objective. An appropriate proxy has to be designed for a novel task, which may not be feasible for a non-specialist. This thesis makes four main contributions toward bridging the gap between the non-differentiable objective and the training loss function. Throughout the thesis, we refer to a loss function as a surrogate loss if it is a differentiable approximation of the non-differentiable objective. Note that we use the terms objective and evaluation metric interchangeably. The contributions of this thesis make the training of neural networks more scalable -- to new tasks in a nearly labor-free manner when the evaluation metric is decomposable, which will help researchers with novel tasks. For non-decomposable evaluation metrics, the differentiable components developed for the recall@k surrogate, such as sorting and counting, can also be used for creating new surrogates.

DocILE Benchmark for Document Information Localization and Extraction

This paper introduces the DocILE benchmark with the largest dataset of business documents for the tasks of Key Information Localization and Extraction and Line Item Recognition. It contains 6.7k annotated business documents, 100k synthetically generated documents, and nearly~1M unlabeled documents for unsupervised pre-training. The dataset has been built with knowledge of domain- and task-specific aspects, resulting in the following key features: (i) annotations in 55 classes, which surpasses the granularity of previously published key information extraction datasets by a large margin; (ii) Line Item Recognition represents a highly practical information extraction task, where key information has to be assigned to items in a table; (iii) documents come from numerous layouts and the test set includes zero- and few-shot cases as well as layouts commonly seen in the training set. The benchmark comes with several baselines, including RoBERTa, LayoutLMv3 and DETR-based Table Transformer. These baseline models were applied to both tasks of the DocILE benchmark, with results shared in this paper, offering a quick starting point for future work. The dataset and baselines are available at https://github.com/rossumai/docile.

SimCon Loss with Multiple Views for Text Supervised Semantic Segmentation

Learning to segment images purely by relying on the image-text alignment from web data can lead to sub-optimal performance due to noise in the data. The noise comes from the samples where the associated text does not correlate with the image's visual content. Instead of purely relying on the alignment from the noisy data, this paper proposes a novel loss function termed SimCon, which accounts for intra-modal similarities to determine the appropriate set of positive samples to align. Further, using multiple views of the image (created synthetically) for training and combining the SimCon loss with it makes the training more robust. This version of the loss is termed MV-SimCon. The empirical results demonstrate that using the proposed loss function leads to consistent improvements on zero-shot, text supervised semantic segmentation and outperforms state-of-the-art by $+3.0\%$, $+3.3\%$ and $+6.9\%$ on PASCAL VOC, PASCAL Context and MSCOCO, respectively. With test time augmentations, we set a new record by improving these results further to $58.7\%$, $26.6\%$, and $33.3\%$ on PASCAL VOC, PASCAL Context, and MSCOCO, respectively. In addition, using the proposed loss function leads to robust training and faster convergence.

DocILE 2023 Teaser: Document Information Localization and Extraction

The lack of data for information extraction (IE) from semi-structured business documents is a real problem for the IE community. Publications relying on large-scale datasets use only proprietary, unpublished data due to the sensitive nature of such documents. Publicly available datasets are mostly small and domain-specific. The absence of a large-scale public dataset or benchmark hinders the reproducibility and cross-evaluation of published methods. The DocILE 2023 competition, hosted as a lab at the CLEF 2023 conference and as an ICDAR 2023 competition, will run the first major benchmark for the tasks of Key Information Localization and Extraction (KILE) and Line Item Recognition (LIR) from business documents. With thousands of annotated real documents from open sources, a hundred thousand of generated synthetic documents, and nearly a million unlabeled documents, the DocILE lab comes with the largest publicly available dataset for KILE and LIR. We are looking forward to contributions from the Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing, Information Retrieval, and other communities. The data, baselines, code and up-to-date information about the lab and competition are available at https://docile.rossum.ai/.

MultiNet with Transformers: A Model for Cancer Diagnosis Using Images

Cancer is a leading cause of death in many countries. An early diagnosis of cancer based on biomedical imaging ensures effective treatment and a better prognosis. However, biomedical imaging presents challenges to both clinical institutions and researchers. Physiological anomalies are often characterized by slight abnormalities in individual cells or tissues, making them difficult to detect visually. Traditionally, anomalies are diagnosed by radiologists and pathologists with extensive training. This procedure, however, demands the participation of professionals and incurs a substantial cost. The cost makes large-scale biological image classification impractical. In this study, we provide unique deep neural network designs for multiclass classification of medical images, in particular cancer images. We incorporated transformers into a multiclass framework to take advantage of data-gathering capability and perform more accurate classifications. We evaluated models on publicly accessible datasets using various measures to ensure the reliability of the models. Extensive assessment metrics suggest this method can be used for a multitude of classification tasks.

Filtering, Distillation, and Hard Negatives for Vision-Language Pre-Training

Vision-language models trained with contrastive learning on large-scale noisy data are becoming increasingly popular for zero-shot recognition problems. In this paper we improve the following three aspects of the contrastive pre-training pipeline: dataset noise, model initialization and the training objective. First, we propose a straightforward filtering strategy titled Complexity, Action, and Text-spotting (CAT) that significantly reduces dataset size, while achieving improved performance across zero-shot vision-language tasks. Next, we propose an approach titled Concept Distillation to leverage strong unimodal representations for contrastive training that does not increase training complexity while outperforming prior work. Finally, we modify the traditional contrastive alignment objective, and propose an importance-sampling approach to up-sample the importance of hard-negatives without adding additional complexity. On an extensive zero-shot benchmark of 29 tasks, our Distilled and Hard-negative Training (DiHT) approach improves on 20 tasks compared to the baseline. Furthermore, for few-shot linear probing, we propose a novel approach that bridges the gap between zero-shot and few-shot performance, substantially improving over prior work. Models are available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/diht.