Adjustment of Cluster-Then-Predict Framework for Multiport Scatterer Load Prediction

Predicting interdependent load values in multiport scatterers is challenging due to high dimensionality and complex dependence between impedance and scattering ability, yet this prediction remains crucial for the design of communication and measurement systems. In this paper, we propose a two-stage cluster-then-predict framework for multiple load values prediction task in multiport scatterers. The proposed cluster-then-predict approach effectively captures the underlying functional relation between S-parameters and corresponding load impedances, achieving up to a 46% reduction in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) compared to the baseline when applied to gradient boosting (GB). This improvement is consistent across various clustering and regression methods. Furthermore, we introduce the Real-world Unified Index (RUI), a metric for quantitative analysis of trade-offs among multiple metrics with conflicting objectives and different scales, suitable for performance assessment in realistic scenarios. Based on RUI, the combination of K-means clustering and k-nearest neighbors (KNN) is identified as the optimal setup for the analyzed multiport scatterer.

Electromagnetically Consistent Bounds on Information Transfer in Real-World RIS-Parametrized Wireless Channels

A reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) endows a wireless channel with programmability that can be leveraged to optimize wireless information transfer. While many works study algorithms for optimizing such a programmable channel, relatively little is known about fundamental bounds on the achievable information transfer. In particular, non-trivial bounds that are both electromagnetically consistent (e.g., aware of mutual coupling) and in line with realistic hardware constraints (e.g., few-bit-programmable, potentially lossy loads) are missing. Here, based on a rigorous multiport network model of a single-input single-output (SISO) channel parametrized by 1-bit-programmable RIS elements, we apply a semidefinite relaxation (SDR) to derive a fundamental bound on the achievable SISO channel gain enhancement. A bound on the maximum achievable rate of information transfer at a given noise level follows directly from Shannon's theorem. We apply our bound to several numerical and experimental examples of different RIS-parametrized radio environments. Compared to electromagnetically consistent benchmark bounding strategies (a norm-inequality bound and, where applicable, a relaxation to an idealized beyond-diagonal load network for which a global solution exists), we consistently observe that our SDR-based bound is notably tighter. We reach at least 64 % (but often 100 %) of our SDR-based bound with standard discrete optimization techniques. The applicability of our bound to concrete experimental systems makes it valuable to inform wireless practitioners, e.g., to evaluate RIS hardware design choices and algorithms to optimize the RIS configuration. Our work contributes to the development of an electromagnetic information theory for RIS-parametrized channels as well as other programmable wave systems such as dynamic metasurface antennas or real-life beyond-diagonal RISs.

Multifrequency system model for multiport time-modulated scatterers

Utilizing scatterers in communication engineering, such as reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) and backscatter systems, requires physically consistent models for accurate performance prediction. A multiport model, which also accounts for structural scattering, has been developed for non-periodic scatterers. However, many emerging systems operate at multiple frequencies or generate intermodulation harmonics, particularly when incorporating space-time modulation (STM) or dynamic load control. These functionalities demand advanced modeling approaches capable of capturing scattering behavior across several frequencies and directions simultaneously. This article extends a multiport S-parameters-based model for predicting the scattering properties of multifrequency operating structures. The model extends the applicability of convenient S-matrix models to time-modulated multiport structures. Unlike known approaches, this model incorporates structural scattering, mutual coupling, the possibility of non-digital modulation, and non-periodic configurations, enabling precise analysis and optimization for a broad range of communication and sensing systems. Validation against experimental results for a space-time modulated scattering structure demonstrates the accuracy and practical applicability of the proposed model.