CoPiT: Cognitive Pivot Translation for Digraphic Low-Resource Mongolian in the Traditional Script

Low-resource languages remain challenging for machine translation, and Mongolian is a representative case. As a digraphic language, Mongolian is written in both Cyrillic and Traditional scripts, which exhibit a severe imbalance in data availability. While the Cyrillic script is relatively well-resourced, the Traditional script remains extremely data-scarce and orthographically ambiguous, leading to substantial performance degradation in direct translation. We propose CoPiT, a cognitively motivated pivot-based translation pipeline that exploits this internal resource hierarchy by routing translation through the Cyrillic script. The pipeline explicitly resolves script-induced ambiguity in the Traditional script before translation, enabling more stable and accurate meaning transfer. Across multiple backbone models and target languages, CoPiT consistently outperforms direct translation, achieving substantial absolute BLEU improvements together with consistent 1.5-1.6x COMET gains. These gains allow strong open-source models to match or outperform GPT-4.1 under comparable evaluation settings. Beyond inference-time improvements, CoPiT enables the construction of synthetic parallel data directly from Traditional-script text, mitigating data scarcity in realistic low-resource scenarios. We release a new multi-script parallel dataset covering Mongolian in both scripts alongside English, Korean, and Russian. All datasets and code are publicly available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/anonymous_project-76C7.

Enhancing Automated Essay Scoring with Three Techniques: Two-Stage Fine-Tuning, Score Alignment, and Self-Training

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) plays a crucial role in education by providing scalable and efficient assessment tools. However, in real-world settings, the extreme scarcity of labeled data severely limits the development and practical adoption of robust AES systems. This study proposes a novel approach to enhance AES performance in both limited-data and full-data settings by introducing three key techniques. First, we introduce a Two-Stage fine-tuning strategy that leverages low-rank adaptations to better adapt an AES model to target prompt essays. Second, we introduce a Score Alignment technique to improve consistency between predicted and true score distributions. Third, we employ uncertainty-aware self-training using unlabeled data, effectively expanding the training set with pseudo-labeled samples while mitigating label noise propagation. We implement above three key techniques on DualBERT. We conduct extensive experiments on the ASAP++ dataset. As a result, in the 32-data setting, all three key techniques improve performance, and their integration achieves 91.2% of the full-data performance trained on approximately 1,000 labeled samples. In addition, the proposed Score Alignment technique consistently improves performance in both limited-data and full-data settings: e.g., it achieves state-of-the-art results in the full-data setting when integrated into DualBERT.