Predicting Genetic Mutations from Single-Cell Bone Marrow Images in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using Noise-Robust Deep Learning Models

In this study, we propose a robust methodology for identification of myeloid blasts followed by prediction of genetic mutation in single-cell images of blasts, tackling challenges associated with label accuracy and data noise. We trained an initial binary classifier to distinguish between leukemic (blasts) and non-leukemic cells images, achieving 90 percent accuracy. To evaluate the models generalization, we applied this model to a separate large unlabeled dataset and validated the predictions with two haemato-pathologists, finding an approximate error rate of 20 percent in the leukemic and non-leukemic labels. Assuming this level of label noise, we further trained a four-class model on images predicted as blasts to classify specific mutations. The mutation labels were known for only a bag of cell images extracted from a single slide. Despite the tumor label noise, our mutation classification model achieved 85 percent accuracy across four mutation classes, demonstrating resilience to label inconsistencies. This study highlights the capability of machine learning models to work with noisy labels effectively while providing accurate, clinically relevant mutation predictions, which is promising for diagnostic applications in areas such as haemato-pathology.

A Cytology Dataset for Early Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma OSCC is a major global health burden, particularly in several regions across Asia, Africa, and South America, where it accounts for a significant proportion of cancer cases. Early detection dramatically improves outcomes, with stage I cancers achieving up to 90 percent survival. However, traditional diagnosis based on histopathology has limited accessibility in low-resource settings because it is invasive, resource-intensive, and reliant on expert pathologists. On the other hand, oral cytology of brush biopsy offers a minimally invasive and lower cost alternative, provided that the remaining challenges, inter observer variability and unavailability of expert pathologists can be addressed using artificial intelligence. Development and validation of robust AI solutions requires access to large, labeled, and multi-source datasets to train high capacity models that generalize across domain shifts. We introduce the first large and multicenter oral cytology dataset, comprising annotated slides stained with Papanicolaou(PAP) and May-Grunwald-Giemsa(MGG) protocols, collected from ten tertiary medical centers in India. The dataset is labeled and annotated by expert pathologists for cellular anomaly classification and detection, is designed to advance AI driven diagnostic methods. By filling the gap in publicly available oral cytology datasets, this resource aims to enhance automated detection, reduce diagnostic errors, and improve early OSCC diagnosis in resource-constrained settings, ultimately contributing to reduced mortality and better patient outcomes worldwide.