Closed-loop control of seizure activity via real-time seizure forecasting by reservoir neuromorphic computing

Closed-loop brain stimulation holds potential as personalized treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) but still suffers from limitations that result in highly variable efficacy. First, stimulation is typically delivered upon detection of the seizure to abort rather than prevent it; second, the stimulation parameters are established by trial and error, requiring lengthy rounds of fine-tuning, which delay steady-state therapeutic efficacy. Here, we address these limitations by leveraging the potential of neuromorphic computing. We present a system capable of driving personalized free-run stimulations based on seizure forecasting, wherein each forecast triggers an electrical pulse rather than an arbitrarily predefined fixed-frequency stimulus train. We validate the system against hippocampal spheroids coupled to 3D microelectrode array as a simplified testbed, showing that it can achieve seizure reduction >97% while primarily using instantaneous stimulation frequencies within 20 Hz, well below what typically used in clinical settings. Our work demonstrates the potential of neuromorphic systems as a next-generation neuromodulation strategy for personalized DRE treatment.