Spike-time encoding of gas concentrations using neuromorphic analog sensory front-end

Gas concentration detection is important for applications such as gas leakage monitoring. Metal Oxide (MOx) sensors show high sensitivities for specific gases, which makes them particularly useful for such monitoring applications. However, how to efficiently sample and further process the sensor responses remains an open question. Here we propose a simple analog circuit design inspired by the spiking output of the mammalian olfactory bulb and by event-based vision sensors. Our circuit encodes the gas concentration in the time difference between the pulses of two separate pathways. We show that in the setting of controlled airflow-embedded gas injections, the time difference between the two generated pulses varies inversely with gas concentration, which is in agreement with the spike timing difference between tufted cells and mitral cells of the mammalian olfactory bulb. Encoding concentration information in analog spike timings may pave the way for rapid and efficient gas detection, and ultimately lead to data- and power-efficient monitoring devices to be deployed in uncontrolled and turbulent environments.

Limitations in odour recognition and generalisation in a neuromorphic olfactory circuit

Neuromorphic computing is one of the few current approaches that have the potential to significantly reduce power consumption in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence. Imam & Cleland presented an odour-learning algorithm that runs on a neuromorphic architecture and is inspired by circuits described in the mammalian olfactory bulb. They assess the algorithm's performance in "rapid online learning and identification" of gaseous odorants and odorless gases (short "gases") using a set of gas sensor recordings of different odour presentations and corrupting them by impulse noise. We replicated parts of the study and discovered limitations that affect some of the conclusions drawn. First, the dataset used suffers from sensor drift and a non-randomised measurement protocol, rendering it of limited use for odour identification benchmarks. Second, we found that the model is restricted in its ability to generalise over repeated presentations of the same gas. We demonstrate that the task the study refers to can be solved with a simple hash table approach, matching or exceeding the reported results in accuracy and runtime. Therefore, a validation of the model that goes beyond restoring a learned data sample remains to be shown, in particular its suitability to odour identification tasks.

Drift in a Popular Metal Oxide Sensor Dataset Reveals Limitations for Gas Classification Benchmarks

Metal oxide (MOx) electro-chemical gas sensors are a sensible choice for many applications, due to their tunable sensitivity, their space-efficiency and their low price. Publicly available sensor datasets streamline the development and evaluation of novel algorithm and circuit designs, making them particularly valuable for the Artificial Olfaction / Mobile Robot Olfaction community. In 2013, Vergara et al. published a dataset comprising 16 months of recordings from a large MOx gas sensor array in a wind tunnel, which has since become a standard benchmark in the field. Here we report a previously undetected property of the dataset that limits its suitability for gas classification studies. The analysis of individual measurement timestamps reveals that gases were recorded in temporally clustered batches. The consequential correlation between the sensor response before gas exposure and the time of recording is often sufficient to predict the gas used in a given trial. Even if compensated by zero-offset-subtraction, residual short-term drift contains enough information for gas classification. We have identified a minimally drift-affected subset of the data, which is suitable for gas classification benchmarking after zero-offset-subtraction, although gas classification performance was substantially lower than for the full dataset. We conclude that previous studies conducted with this dataset very likely overestimate the accuracy of gas classification results. For the 17 potentially affected publications, we urge the authors to re-evaluate the results in light of our findings. Our observations emphasize the need to thoroughly document gas sensing datasets, and proper validation before using them for the development of algorithms.

Online Detection of Vibration Anomalies Using Balanced Spiking Neural Networks

Vibration patterns yield valuable information about the health state of a running machine, which is commonly exploited in predictive maintenance tasks for large industrial systems. However, the overhead, in terms of size, complexity and power budget, required by classical methods to exploit this information is often prohibitive for smaller-scale applications such as autonomous cars, drones or robotics. Here we propose a neuromorphic approach to perform vibration analysis using spiking neural networks that can be applied to a wide range of scenarios. We present a spike-based end-to-end pipeline able to detect system anomalies from vibration data, using building blocks that are compatible with analog-digital neuromorphic circuits. This pipeline operates in an online unsupervised fashion, and relies on a cochlea model, on feedback adaptation and on a balanced spiking neural network. We show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance or better against two publicly available data sets. Further, we demonstrate a working proof-of-concept implemented on an asynchronous neuromorphic processor device. This work represents a significant step towards the design and implementation of autonomous low-power edge-computing devices for online vibration monitoring.

Learning-based Defect Recognition for Quasi-Periodic Microscope Images

The detailed control of crystalline material defects is a crucial process, as they affect properties of the material that may be detrimental or beneficial for the final performance of a device. Defect analysis on the sub-nanometer scale is enabled by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), where the identification of defects is currently carried out based on human expertise. However, the process is tedious, highly time consuming and, in some cases, can yield to ambiguous results. Here we propose a semi-supervised machine learning method that assists in the detection of lattice defects from atomic resolution microscope images. It involves a convolutional neural network that classifies image patches as defective or non-defective, a graph-based heuristic that chooses one non-defective patch as a model, and finally an automatically generated convolutional filter bank, which highlights symmetry breaking such as stacking faults, twin defects and grain boundaries. Additionally, a variance filter is suggested to segment amorphous regions and beam defects. The algorithm is tested on III-V/Si crystalline materials and successfully evaluated against different metrics, showing promising results even for extremely small data sets. By combining the data-driven classification generality, robustness and speed of deep learning with the effectiveness of image filters in segmenting faulty symmetry arrangements, we provide a valuable open-source tool to the microscopist community that can streamline future HRTEM analyses of crystalline materials.