Measuring the Credibility of Student Attendance Data in Higher Education for Data Mining

Educational Data Mining (EDM) is a developing discipline, concerned with expanding the classical Data Mining (DM) methods and developing new methods for discovering the data that originate from educational systems. Student attendance in higher education has always been dealt with in a classical way, educators rely on counting the occurrence of attendance or absence building their knowledge about students as well as modules based on this count. This method is neither credible nor does it necessarily provide a real indication of a student performance. This study tries to formulate the extracted knowledge in a way that guarantees achieving accurate and credible results. Student attendance data, gathered from the educational system, were first cleaned in order to remove any randomness and noise, then various attributes were studied so as to highlight the most significant ones that affect the real attendance of students. The next step was to derive an equation that measures the Student Attendance Credibility (SAC) considering the attributes chosen in the previous step. The reliability of the newly developed measure was then evaluated in order to examine its consistency. Finally, the J48 DM classification technique was utilized in order to classify modules based on the strength of their SAC values. Results of this study were promising, and credibility values achieved using the newly derived formula gave accurate, credible, and real indicators of student attendance, as well as accurate classification of modules based on the credibility of student attendance on those modules.

Formulating Module Assessment for Improved Academic Performance Predictability in Higher Education

Various studies have shown that students tend to get higher marks when assessed through coursework based assessment methods which include either modules that are fully assessed through coursework or a mixture of coursework and examinations than assessed by examination alone. There are a large number of educational data mining studies that preprocess data through conventional data mining processes including data preparation process, but they are using transcript data as they stand without looking at examination and coursework results weighting which could affect prediction accuracy. This paper proposes a different data preparation process through investigating more than 230000 student records in order to prepare students marks based on the assessment methods of enrolled modules. The data have been processed through different stages in order to extract a categorical factor through which students module marks are refined during the data preparation process. The results of this work show that students final marks should not be isolated from the nature of the enrolled modules assessment methods. They must rather be investigated thoroughly and considered during EDMs data preprocessing phases. More generally, it is concluded that educational data should not be prepared in the same way as other data types due to differences as data sources, applications, and types of errors in them. Therefore, an attribute, coursework assessment ratio, is proposed to be used in order to take the different modules assessment methods into account while preparing student transcript data. The effect of CAR on prediction process using the random forest classification technique has been investigated. It is shown that considering CAR as an attribute increases the accuracy of predicting students second year averages based on their first year results.