The Llama 4 Herd: Architecture, Training, Evaluation, and Deployment Notes

This document consolidates publicly reported technical details about Metas Llama 4 model family. It summarizes (i) released variants (Scout and Maverick) and the broader herd context including the previewed Behemoth teacher model, (ii) architectural characteristics beyond a high-level MoE description covering routed/shared-expert structure, early-fusion multimodality, and long-context design elements reported for Scout (iRoPE and length generalization strategies), (iii) training disclosures spanning pre-training, mid-training for long-context extension, and post-training methodology (lightweight SFT, online RL, and lightweight DPO) as described in release materials, (iv) developer-reported benchmark results for both base and instruction-tuned checkpoints, and (v) practical deployment constraints observed across major serving environments, including provider-specific context limits and quantization packaging. The manuscript also summarizes licensing obligations relevant to redistribution and derivative naming, and reviews publicly described safeguards and evaluation practices. The goal is to provide a compact technical reference for researchers and practitioners who need precise, source-backed facts about Llama 4.

The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Modern artificial intelligence (AI) systems are powered by foundation models. This paper presents a new set of foundation models, called Llama 3. It is a herd of language models that natively support multilinguality, coding, reasoning, and tool usage. Our largest model is a dense Transformer with 405B parameters and a context window of up to 128K tokens. This paper presents an extensive empirical evaluation of Llama 3. We find that Llama 3 delivers comparable quality to leading language models such as GPT-4 on a plethora of tasks. We publicly release Llama 3, including pre-trained and post-trained versions of the 405B parameter language model and our Llama Guard 3 model for input and output safety. The paper also presents the results of experiments in which we integrate image, video, and speech capabilities into Llama 3 via a compositional approach. We observe this approach performs competitively with the state-of-the-art on image, video, and speech recognition tasks. The resulting models are not yet being broadly released as they are still under development.

Question Decomposition with Dependency Graphs

QDMR is a meaning representation for complex questions, which decomposes questions into a sequence of atomic steps. While state-of-the-art QDMR parsers use the common sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) approach, a QDMR structure fundamentally describes labeled relations between spans in the input question, and thus dependency-based approaches seem appropriate for this task. In this work, we present a QDMR parser that is based on dependency graphs (DGs), where nodes in the graph are words and edges describe logical relations that correspond to the different computation steps. We propose (a) a non-autoregressive graph parser, where all graph edges are computed simultaneously, and (b) a seq2seq parser that uses gold graph as auxiliary supervision. We find that a graph parser leads to a moderate reduction in performance (0.47 to 0.44), but to a 16x speed-up in inference time due to the non-autoregressive nature of the parser, and to improved sample complexity compared to a seq2seq model. Second, a seq2seq model trained with auxiliary graph supervision has better generalization to new domains compared to a seq2seq model, and also performs better on questions with long sequences of computation steps.