Evolving Thematic Map Design in Academic Cartography: A Thirty-Year Study Based on Multilingual Journals

Thematic maps play a central role in academic communication, yet their large-scale design evolution has rarely been examined empirically. This study presents a longitudinal and multilingual analysis of thematic map design practices in academic cartography from 1990 to 2020. We compile a corpus of 45,732 research articles from sixteen authoritative Chinese- and English-language journals and extract 23,928 maps using computer vision and large-model-based document parsing to build a structured dataset. Map design characteristics are quantified across three dimensions: map elements, color design, and layout structure. Results show that Chinese- and Englishlanguage academic maps share highly similar structural conventions, typically employing restrained color palettes with neutral dominant hues, low saturation, high brightness, and limited hue diversity, as well as centered layouts with high main-map occupation ratios. Differences exist in that English-language maps show slightly greater hue richness and compactness, whereas Chinese-language maps historically rely more on neutral hues and integrated layouts. Temporal analysis reveals parallel evolutionary trends in both groups, including increasing element richness, legend usage, and hue diversity, alongside stable layout structures. Overall, the findings suggest that academic map design evolution is characterized more by institutional convergence than cultural divergence.

Thinking on Maps: How Foundation Model Agents Explore, Remember, and Reason Map Environments

Map environments provide a fundamental medium for representing spatial structure. Understanding how foundation model (FM) agents understand and act in such environments is therefore critical for enabling reliable map-based reasoning and applications. However, most existing evaluations of spatial ability in FMs rely on static map inputs or text-based queries, overlooking the interactive and experience-driven nature of spatial understanding.In this paper, we propose an interactive evaluation framework to analyze how FM agents explore, remember, and reason in symbolic map environments. Agents incrementally explore partially observable grid-based maps consisting of roads, intersections, and points of interest (POIs), receiving only local observations at each step. Spatial understanding is then evaluated using six kinds of spatial tasks. By systematically varying exploration strategies, memory representations, and reasoning schemes across multiple foundation models, we reveal distinct functional roles of these components. Exploration primarily affects experience acquisition but has a limited impact on final reasoning accuracy. In contrast, memory representation plays a central role in consolidating spatial experience, with structured memories particularly sequential and graph-based representations, substantially improving performance on structure-intensive tasks such as path planning. Reasoning schemes further shape how stored spatial knowledge is used, with advanced prompts supporting more effective multi-step inference. We further observe that spatial reasoning performance saturates across model versions and scales beyond a certain capability threshold, indicating that improvements in map-based spatial understanding require mechanisms tailored to spatial representation and reasoning rather than scaling alone.