Flow-aware Optimal Navigation in Unsteady Flows through Reinforcement Learning

Autonomous robotic navigation in nonstationary time-varying fluid flows remains a fundamental challenge due to partial observability and the unpredictability of realistic environments. While classical optimal control frameworks employed in robotics require unrealistic a-priori global flow knowledge, biological systems are able to navigate successfully by exploiting localized sensory cues. In this work we present a reinforcement learning approach using the TD3 algorithm to train autonomous agents to reach arbitrary targets within a parametric, chaotic double-gyre flow. To investigate optimal sensory mechanisms, we evaluate five bio-inspired observation strategies based on relative position, local velocity or local vorticity measures, and short-term memory variants. Additionally, we analyze the impact of providing agents with explicit global flow parameters. Numerical results demonstrate that an agent that is able to sense and remember a set number of flow velocity measures achieves the highest performance. The experiments reveal a trade-off in sensor utility: velocity-aware agents optimize energy efficiency, whereas vorticity sensors provide superior structural mapping and achieve better target proximity. Incorporating explicit global flow parameters is shown to decrease navigation performance. This behavior suggests that reinforcement learning-based autonomous systems develop more robust and general policies when restricted to implicit flow representations. The presented results offer insights for improving the transition of bio-inspired robotic navigation from simulation to real-world environments.