A primer on model-guided exploration of fitness landscapes for biological sequence design

Machine learning methods are increasingly employed to address challenges faced by biologists. One area that will greatly benefit from this cross-pollination is the problem of biological sequence design, which has massive potential for therapeutic applications. However, significant inefficiencies remain in communication between these fields which result in biologists finding the progress in machine learning inaccessible, and hinder machine learning scientists from contributing to impactful problems in bioengineering. Sequence design can be seen as a search process on a discrete, high-dimensional space, where each sequence is associated with a function. This sequence-to-function map is known as a "Fitness Landscape". Designing a sequence with a particular function is hence a matter of "discovering" such a (often rare) sequence within this space. Today we can build predictive models with good interpolation ability due to impressive progress in the synthesis and testing of biological sequences in large numbers, which enables model training and validation. However, it often remains a challenge to find useful sequences with the properties that we like using these models. In particular, in this primer we highlight that algorithms for experimental design, what we call "exploration strategies", are a related, yet distinct problem from building good models of sequence-to-function maps. We review advances and insights from current literature -- by no means a complete treatment -- while highlighting desirable features of optimal model-guided exploration, and cover potential pitfalls drawn from our own experience. This primer can serve as a starting point for researchers from different domains that are interested in the problem of searching a sequence space with a model, but are perhaps unaware of approaches that originate outside their field.

Variational auto-encoding of protein sequences

Proteins are responsible for the most diverse set of functions in biology. The ability to extract information from protein sequences and to predict the effects of mutations is extremely valuable in many domains of biology and medicine. However the mapping between protein sequence and function is complex and poorly understood. Here we present an embedding of natural protein sequences using a Variational Auto-Encoder and use it to predict how mutations affect protein function. We use this unsupervised approach to cluster natural variants and learn interactions between sets of positions within a protein. This approach generally performs better than baseline methods that consider no interactions within sequences, and in some cases better than the state-of-the-art approaches that use the inverse-Potts model. This generative model can be used to computationally guide exploration of protein sequence space and to better inform rational and automatic protein design.