Transformers for scientific data: a pedagogical review for astronomers

The deep learning architecture associated with ChatGPT and related generative AI products is known as transformers. Initially applied to Natural Language Processing, transformers and the self-attention mechanism they exploit have gained widespread interest across the natural sciences. The goal of this pedagogical and informal review is to introduce transformers to scientists. The review includes the mathematics underlying the attention mechanism, a description of the original transformer architecture, and a section on applications to time series and imaging data in astronomy. We include a Frequently Asked Questions section for readers who are curious about generative AI or interested in getting started with transformers for their research problem.

Inferring Structural Parameters of Low-Surface-Brightness-Galaxies with Uncertainty Quantification using Bayesian Neural Networks

Measuring the structural parameters (size, total brightness, light concentration, etc.) of galaxies is a significant first step towards a quantitative description of different galaxy populations. In this work, we demonstrate that a Bayesian Neural Network (BNN) can be used for the inference, with uncertainty quantification, of such morphological parameters from simulated low-surface-brightness galaxy images. Compared to traditional profile-fitting methods, we show that the uncertainties obtained using BNNs are comparable in magnitude, well-calibrated, and the point estimates of the parameters are closer to the true values. Our method is also significantly faster, which is very important with the advent of the era of large galaxy surveys and big data in astrophysics.

DeepShadows: Separating Low Surface Brightness Galaxies from Artifacts using Deep Learning

Searches for low-surface-brightness galaxies (LSBGs) in galaxy surveys are plagued by the presence of a large number of artifacts (e.g., objects blended in the diffuse light from stars and galaxies, Galactic cirrus, star-forming regions in the arms of spiral galaxies, etc.) that have to be rejected through time consuming visual inspection. In future surveys, which are expected to collect hundreds of petabytes of data and detect billions of objects, such an approach will not be feasible. We investigate the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for the problem of separating LSBGs from artifacts in survey images. We take advantage of the fact that, for the first time, we have available a large number of labeled LSBGs and artifacts from the Dark Energy Survey, that we use to train, validate, and test a CNN model. That model, which we call DeepShadows, achieves a test accuracy of $92.0 \%$, a significant improvement relative to feature-based machine learning models. We also study the ability to use transfer learning to adapt this model to classify objects from the deeper Hyper-Suprime-Cam survey, and we show that after the model is retrained on a very small sample from the new survey, it can reach an accuracy of $87.6\%$. These results demonstrate that CNNs offer a very promising path in the quest to study the low-surface-brightness universe.