Rethinking Evaluation of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Lesion Segmentation Models

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can significantly reduce the quality of life of a patient. Existing treatment options can only help slow down the progression of the disease. Therefore, early detection and precise monitoring of disease progression are important. Deep learning offers state-of-the-art models for detecting and segmenting MS lesions in brain MRI scans. However, most of these models are evaluated using the Dice score, without accounting for lesion-wise detection and segmentation performance or other metrics that quantify model performance in cases that are complex or confusing for human annotators, or in cases that are essential for disease detection and progression monitoring. In this paper, we highlight the need to rethink the evaluation of MS lesion segmentation models. In this context, we first present problem fingerprinting in detail to highlight what neurologists look for in brain MRI scans for MS detection and progression monitoring, and which metrics are required to properly quantify model performance in these contexts. Additionally, we present an analysis of state-of-the-art models on two open-source datasets using these metrics to highlight their usability for real-world deployment in hospitals.