Tailored Prompts, Targeted Protection: Vulnerability-Specific LLM Analysis for Smart Contracts

Smart contracts on blockchains are prone to diverse security vulnerabilities that can lead to significant financial losses due to their immutable nature. Existing detection approaches often lack flexibility across vulnerability types and rely heavily on manually crafted expert rules. In this paper, we present an LLM-based framework for practical smart contract vulnerability detection. We construct and release a large-scale dataset comprising 31,165 professionally annotated vulnerability instances collected from over 3,200 real-world projects across 15 major blockchain platforms. Our approach leverages precise AST-based context extraction and vulnerability-specific prompt design to instantiate customized detectors for 13 prevalent vulnerability categories. Experimental results demonstrate strong effectiveness, achieving an average positive recall of 0.92 and an average negative recall of 0.85, highlighting the potential of carefully engineered contextual prompting for scalable and high-precision smart contract security analysis.

AGNT2: Autonomous Agent Economies on Interaction-Optimized Layer 2 Infrastructure

Current blockchain Layer 2 solutions, including Optimism, Arbitrum, zkSync, and their derivatives, optimize for human-initiated financial transactions. Autonomous AI agents instead generate high-frequency, semantically rich service invocations among mutually untrusting principals. Existing chains treat those interactions as generic calldata, forcing identity, escrow, dependency ordering, and session state to be encoded above the execution layer at the wrong cost point. We present AGNT2, a three-tier stack purpose-built for agent and microservice coordination on-chain. AGNT2 combines: (1) a sidecar deployment pattern that turns any Docker container into an on-chain agent without application-code modification; (2) Layer Top P2P state channels for established bilateral pairs (<100 ms, rough design target 1K-5K TPS per pair, 10M+ aggregate TPS design envelope under endpoint-resource limits), Layer Core as a dependency-aware sequenced rollup for first-contact and multi-party interactions (500 ms-2 s, 300K-500K TPS design target), and Layer Root settlement with computational fraud proofs anchored to any EVM L1; and (3) an agent-native execution environment plus interaction trie that make service invocation, identity, reputation, capabilities, and session context first-class protocol objects. This paper focuses on the execution-layer systems problem: sequencing, state, settlement, and the data-availability (DA) bandwidth gap that bounds all three. Simulation and analytical modeling support the architecture, and prototype measurements validate selected components, but no end-to-end Layer Core implementation exists yet. Practical deployment is currently constrained to roughly 10K-100K TPS by DA throughput, leaving a ~100x gap at the target ceiling. AGNT2 argues that the agent economy requires a dedicated execution layer rather than a general-purpose chain repurposed for agents.

Governance by Design: A Parsonian Institutional Architecture for Internet-Wide Agent Societies

The dominant paradigm of local multi-agent systems -- orchestrated, enterprise-bounded pipelines -- is being superseded by internet-wide agent societies in which autonomous agents discover each other through open registries, interact without central orchestrators, and generate emergent social behaviors. We argue that governing such societies requires institutional design, not merely risk enumeration or process compliance. Applying Talcott Parsons' AGIL framework -- four functional imperatives (Adaptation, Goal Attainment, Integration, Latency) every viable social system must satisfy -- we derive a prescriptive sixteen-cell institutional architecture for internet-wide agent governance. Diagnostically applied to the OpenClaw ecosystem (250,000+ GitHub stars, 2M+ monthly users, 770,000+ registered agents) via a recursive sub-function analysis (64 binary indicators across 16 cells), we find at most 19% sub-function coverage (sensitivity range 17-30%) -- potential rather than operative capacity, since zero inter-cell coordination prevents existing infrastructure from participating in inter-pillar interchange. A complementary interchange media assessment finds zero of twelve inter-pillar pathways functional: the ecosystem has technical infrastructure but no active governance, no coordination layer, and no normative grounding, with the Fiduciary and Political pillars most severely underserved. Extending the diagnostic to the broader agent-native protocol stack (MCP, A2A, ANP, x402, ERC-8004), independent development teams reproduce the same structural pattern -- confirming the governance gap is a feature of market-driven development, not ecosystem immaturity. Institutional design is most effective before social patterns calcify; we conclude with a prioritized roadmap for the missing governance infrastructure.

AgentCity: Constitutional Governance for Autonomous Agent Economies via Separation of Power

Autonomous AI agents are beginning to operate across organizational boundaries on the open internet -- discovering, transacting with, and delegating to agents owned by other parties without centralized oversight. When agents from different human principals collaborate at scale, the collective becomes opaque: no single human can observe, audit, or govern the emergent behavior. We term this the Logic Monopoly -- the agent society's unchecked monopoly over the entire logic chain from planning through execution to evaluation. We propose the Separation of Power (SoP) model, a constitutional governance architecture deployed on public blockchain that breaks this monopoly through three structural separations: agents legislate operational rules as smart contracts, deterministic software executes within those contracts, and humans adjudicate through a complete ownership chain binding every agent to a responsible principal. In this architecture, smart contracts are the law itself -- the actual legislative output that agents produce and that governs their behavior. We instantiate SoP in AgentCity on an EVM-compatible layer-2 blockchain (L2) with a three-tier contract hierarchy (foundational, meta, and operational). The core thesis is alignment-through-accountability: if each agent is aligned with its human owner through the accountability chain, then the collective converges on behavior aligned with human intent -- without top-down rules. A pre-registered experiment evaluates this thesis in a commons production economy -- where agents share a finite resource pool and collaboratively produce value -- at 50-1,000 agent scale.

From Logic Monopoly to Social Contract: Separation of Power and the Institutional Foundations for Autonomous Agent Economies

Existing multi-agent frameworks allow each agent to simultaneously plan, execute, and evaluate its own actions -- a structural deficiency we term the "Logic Monopoly." Empirical evidence quantifies the resulting "Reliability Gap": 84.30% average attack success rates across ten deployment scenarios, 31.4% emergent deceptive behavior without explicit reward signals, and cascading failure modes rooted in six structural bottlenecks. The remedy is not better alignment of individual models but a social contract for agents: institutional infrastructure that enforces a constitutional Separation of Power. This paper introduces the Agent Enterprise for Enterprise (AE4E) paradigm -- agents as autonomous, legally identifiable business entities within a functionalist social system -- with a contract-centric SoP model trifurcating authority into Legislation, Execution, and Adjudication branches. The paradigm is operationalized through the NetX Enterprise Framework (NEF): governance hubs, TEE-backed compute enclaves, privacy-preserving data bridges, and an Agent-Native blockchain substrate. The Agent Enterprise Economy scales across four deployment tiers from private enclaves to a global Web of Services. The Agentic Social Layer, grounded in Parsons' AGIL framework, provides institutional infrastructure via sixty-plus named Institutional AE4Es. 143 pages, 173 references, eight specialized smart contracts.