Are Macula or Optic Nerve Head Structures better at Diagnosing Glaucoma? An Answer using AI and Wide-Field Optical Coherence Tomography

Purpose: (1) To develop a deep learning algorithm to automatically segment structures of the optic nerve head (ONH) and macula in 3D wide-field optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans; (2) To assess whether 3D macula or ONH structures (or the combination of both) provide the best diagnostic power for glaucoma. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was performed which included wide-field swept-source OCT scans from 319 glaucoma subjects and 298 non-glaucoma subjects. All scans were compensated to improve deep-tissue visibility. We developed a deep learning algorithm to automatically label all major ONH tissue structures by using 270 manually annotated B-scans for training. The performance of our algorithm was assessed using the Dice coefficient (DC). A glaucoma classification algorithm (3D CNN) was then designed using a combination of 500 OCT volumes and their corresponding automatically segmented masks. This algorithm was trained and tested on 3 datasets: OCT scans cropped to contain the macular tissues only, those to contain the ONH tissues only, and the full wide-field OCT scans. The classification performance for each dataset was reported using the AUC. Results: Our segmentation algorithm was able to segment ONH and macular tissues with a DC of 0.94 $\pm$ 0.003. The classification algorithm was best able to diagnose glaucoma using wide-field 3D-OCT volumes with an AUC of 0.99 $\pm$ 0.01, followed by ONH volumes with an AUC of 0.93 $\pm$ 0.06, and finally macular volumes with an AUC of 0.91 $\pm$ 0.11. Conclusions: this study showed that using wide-field OCT as compared to the typical OCT images containing just the ONH or macular may allow for a significantly improved glaucoma diagnosis. This may encourage the mainstream adoption of 3D wide-field OCT scans. For clinical AI studies that use traditional machines, we would recommend the use of ONH scans as opposed to macula scans.

A Generalized & Robust Framework For Timestamp Supervision in Temporal Action Segmentation

In temporal action segmentation, Timestamp supervision requires only a handful of labelled frames per video sequence. For unlabelled frames, previous works rely on assigning hard labels, and performance rapidly collapses under subtle violations of the annotation assumptions. We propose a novel Expectation-Maximization (EM) based approach that leverages the label uncertainty of unlabelled frames and is robust enough to accommodate possible annotation errors. With accurate timestamp annotations, our proposed method produces SOTA results and even exceeds the fully-supervised setup in several metrics and datasets. When applied to timestamp annotations with missing action segments, our method presents stable performance. To further test our formulation's robustness, we introduce the new challenging annotation setup of Skip-tag supervision. This setup relaxes constraints and requires annotations of any fixed number of random frames in a video, making it more flexible than Timestamp supervision while remaining competitive.