Machine Learning and Vision Transformers for Thyroid Carcinoma Diagnosis: A review

The growing interest in developing smart diagnostic systems to help medical experts process extensive data for treating incurable diseases has been notable. In particular, the challenge of identifying thyroid cancer (TC) has seen progress with the use of machine learning (ML) and big data analysis, incorporating transformers to evaluate TC prognosis and determine the risk of malignancy in individuals. This review article presents a summary of various studies on AIbased approaches, especially those employing transformers, for diagnosing TC. It introduces a new categorization system for these methods based on artifcial intelligence (AI) algorithms, the goals of the framework, and the computing environments used. Additionally, it scrutinizes and contrasts the available TC datasets by their features. The paper highlights the importance of AI instruments in aiding the diagnosis and treatment of TC through supervised, unsupervised, or mixed approaches, with a special focus on the ongoing importance of transformers in medical diagnostics and disease management. It further discusses the progress made and the continuing obstacles in this area. Lastly, it explores future directions and focuses within this research feld.

Advancing Person Re-Identification: Tensor-based Feature Fusion and Multilinear Subspace Learning

Person re-identification (PRe-ID) is a computer vision issue, that has been a fertile research area in the last few years. It aims to identify persons across different non-overlapping camera views. In this paper, We propose a novel PRe-ID system that combines tensor feature representation and multilinear subspace learning. Our method exploits the power of pre-trained Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) as a strong deep feature extractor, along with two complementary descriptors, Local Maximal Occurrence (LOMO) and Gaussian Of Gaussian (GOG). Then, Tensor-based Cross-View Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (TXQDA) is used to learn a discriminative subspace that enhances the separability between different individuals. Mahalanobis distance is used to match and similarity computation between query and gallery samples. Finally, we evaluate our approach by conducting experiments on three datasets VIPeR, GRID, and PRID450s.

A Powerful Face Preprocessing For Robust Kinship Verification based Tensor Analyses

Kinship verification using facial photographs captured in the wild is difficult area of research in the science of computer vision. It might be used for a variety of applications, including image annotation and searching for missing children, etc. The largest challenge to kinship verification in practice is the fact that parent and child photos frequently differ significantly from one another. How to effectively respond to such a challenge is important improving the efficiency of kinship verification. For this purpose, we introduce a system to check relatedness that starts with a pair of face images of a child and a parent, after which it is revealed whether two people are related or not. The first step in our approach is face preprocessing with two methods, a Retinex filter and an ellipse mask, then a feature extraction step based on hist-Gabor wavelets, which is used before an efficient dimensionality reduction method called TXQDA. Finally, determine if there is a relationship. By using Cornell KinFace benchmark database, we ran a number of tests to show the efficacy of our strategy. Our findings show that, in comparison to other strategies currently in use, our system is robust.

Enhancing Person Re-Identification through Tensor Feature Fusion

In this paper, we present a novel person reidentification (PRe-ID) system that based on tensor feature representation and multilinear subspace learning. Our approach utilizes pretrained CNNs for high-level feature extraction, along with Local Maximal Occurrence (LOMO) and Gaussian Of Gaussian (GOG ) descriptors. Additionally, Cross-View Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (TXQDA) algorithm is used for multilinear subspace learning, which models the data in a tensor framework to enhance discriminative capabilities. Similarity measure based on Mahalanobis distance is used for matching between training and test pedestrian images. Experimental evaluations on VIPeR and PRID450s datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.

Fusion of Deep and Shallow Features for Face Kinship Verification

Kinship verification from face images is a novel and formidable challenge in the realms of pattern recognition and computer vision. This work makes notable contributions by incorporating a preprocessing technique known as Multiscale Retinex (MSR), which enhances image quality. Our approach harnesses the strength of complementary deep (VGG16) and shallow texture descriptors (BSIF) by combining them at the score level using Logistic Regression (LR) technique. We assess the effectiveness of our approach by conducting comprehensive experiments on three challenging kinship datasets: Cornell Kin Face, UB Kin Face and TS Kin Face

Enhancing Kinship Verification through Multiscale Retinex and Combined Deep-Shallow features

The challenge of kinship verification from facial images represents a cutting-edge and formidable frontier in the realms of pattern recognition and computer vision. This area of study holds a myriad of potential applications, spanning from image annotation and forensic analysis to social media research. Our research stands out by integrating a preprocessing method named Multiscale Retinex (MSR), which elevates image quality and amplifies contrast, ultimately bolstering the end results. Strategically, our methodology capitalizes on the harmonious blend of deep and shallow texture descriptors, merging them proficiently at the score level through the Logistic Regression (LR) method. To elucidate, we employ the Local Phase Quantization (LPQ) descriptor to extract shallow texture characteristics. For deep feature extraction, we turn to the prowess of the VGG16 model, which is pre-trained on a convolutional neural network (CNN). The robustness and efficacy of our method have been put to the test through meticulous experiments on three rigorous kinship datasets, namely: Cornell Kin Face, UB Kin Face, and TS Kin Face.

AI in Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis: Techniques, Trends, and Future Directions

There has been a growing interest in creating intelligent diagnostic systems to assist medical professionals in analyzing and processing big data for the treatment of incurable diseases. One of the key challenges in this field is detecting thyroid cancer, where advancements have been made using machine learning (ML) and big data analytics to evaluate thyroid cancer prognosis and determine a patient's risk of malignancy. This review paper summarizes a large collection of articles related to artificial intelligence (AI)-based techniques used in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Accordingly, a new classification was introduced to classify these techniques based on the AI algorithms used, the purpose of the framework, and the computing platforms used. Additionally, this study compares existing thyroid cancer datasets based on their features. The focus of this study is on how AI-based tools can support the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer, through supervised, unsupervised, or hybrid techniques. It also highlights the progress made and the unresolved challenges in this field. Finally, the future trends and areas of focus in this field are discussed.

A Comprehensive Review of Recent Research Trends on UAVs

The growing interest in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) from both scientific and industrial sectors has attracted a wave of new researchers and substantial investments in this expansive field. However, due to the wide range of topics and subdomains within UAV research, newcomers may find themselves overwhelmed by the numerous options available. It is therefore crucial for those involved in UAV research to recognize its interdisciplinary nature and its connections with other disciplines. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the UAV field, highlighting recent trends and advancements. Drawing on recent literature reviews and surveys, the review begins by classifying UAVs based on their flight characteristics. It then provides an overview of current research trends in UAVs, utilizing data from the Scopus database to quantify the number of scientific documents associated with each research direction and their interconnections. The paper also explores potential areas for further development in UAVs, including communication, artificial intelligence, remote sensing, miniaturization, swarming and cooperative control, and transformability. Additionally, it discusses the development of aircraft control, commonly used control techniques, and appropriate control algorithms in UAV research. Furthermore, the paper addresses the general hardware and software architecture of UAVs, their applications, and the key issues associated with them. It also provides an overview of current open-source software and hardware projects in the UAV field. By presenting a comprehensive view of the UAV field, this paper aims to enhance understanding of this rapidly evolving and highly interdisciplinary area of research.

Improving CNN-based Person Re-identification using score Normalization

Person re-identification (PRe-ID) is a crucial task in security, surveillance, and retail analysis, which involves identifying an individual across multiple cameras and views. However, it is a challenging task due to changes in illumination, background, and viewpoint. Efficient feature extraction and metric learning algorithms are essential for a successful PRe-ID system. This paper proposes a novel approach for PRe-ID, which combines a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based feature extraction method with Cross-view Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (XQDA) for metric learning. Additionally, a matching algorithm that employs Mahalanobis distance and a score normalization process to address inconsistencies between camera scores is implemented. The proposed approach is tested on four challenging datasets, including VIPeR, GRID, CUHK01, and PRID450S, and promising results are obtained. For example, without normalization, the rank-20 rate accuracies of the GRID, CUHK01, VIPeR and PRID450S datasets were 61.92%, 83.90%, 92.03%, 96.22%; however, after score normalization, they have increased to 64.64%, 89.30%, 92.78%, and 98.76%, respectively. Accordingly, the promising results on four challenging datasets indicate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Multi-view Deep Features for Robust Facial Kinship Verification

Automatic kinship verification from facial images is an emerging research topic in machine learning community. In this paper, we proposed an effective facial features extraction model based on multi-view deep features. Thus, we used four pre-trained deep learning models using eight features layers (FC6 and FC7 layers of each VGG-F, VGG-M, VGG-S and VGG-Face models) to train the proposed Multilinear Side-Information based Discriminant Analysis integrating Within Class Covariance Normalization (MSIDA+WCCN) method. Furthermore, we show that how can metric learning methods based on WCCN method integration improves the Simple Scoring Cosine similarity (SSC) method. We refer that we used the SSC method in RFIW'20 competition using the eight deep features concatenation. Thus, the integration of WCCN in the metric learning methods decreases the intra-class variations effect introduced by the deep features weights. We evaluate our proposed method on two kinship benchmarks namely KinFaceW-I and KinFaceW-II databases using four Parent-Child relations (Father-Son, Father-Daughter, Mother-Son and Mother-Daughter). Thus, the proposed MSIDA+WCCN method improves the SSC method with 12.80% and 14.65% on KinFaceW-I and KinFaceW-II databases, respectively. The results obtained are positively compared with some modern methods, including those that rely on deep learning.