Pilot-Free Predictive Multi-User Beamforming via Sensing Management in Cell-Free Networks

This paper presents a sensing management frame- work for integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) within cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems to reduce pilot-based channel state information (CSI) acquisition overhead. Conventional communication systems rely on frequent channel estimation procedures that impose significant signaling overhead, consuming valuable time-frequency resources. To ad- dress this inefficiency, we propose a state-based architecture that partitions users into communication and sensing groups based on service requirements. When users are not requesting data, the system utilizes sensing capabilities to track their location. Upon receiving a communication request, the system transitions to communication mode, leveraging the tracked state for predictive beamforming to eliminate the need for uplink pilot training. We develop an extended Kalman filter (EKF) based tracking algorithm coupled with adaptive resource allocation strategies. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of inter-target interference and design a sensing management protocol that performs sensing operations only when necessary to maintain the accuracy of user location estimates. Simulation results demonstrate that the pro- posed EKF-based tracking and sensing management can support predictive beamforming with downlink spectral efficiency close to the perfect-CSI case, while requiring sensing only occasionally after an initial convergence period. The results also indicate that this performance is robust in a cell-free massive MIMO setup and can be achieved with practical sensing waveforms.