Performance Evaluation of Movable Antenna Arrays in Wideband Multi-User MIMO Systems

Future wireless networks are expected to support increasingly high data rates and user densities, motivating advanced multi-antenna architectures capable of adapting to dynamic propagation environments. Movable antenna (MA) arrays have recently emerged as an extension of massive MIMO, enabling physical repositioning of antenna elements to better exploit spatial diversity and mitigate inter-user interference. While prior studies report promising gains under idealized assumptions, their performance under realistic wideband multi-user operation remains insufficiently understood. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of MA-enabled systems in practical uplink and downlink scenarios. A wideband OFDM system model is developed, and novel closed-form sum-rate expressions are derived for both uplink and downlink under linear and nonlinear processing. Hardware impairments are incorporated via an EVM-based model, from which a distortion-aware UL/DL duality is established and the resulting high-SNR sum rate ceiling is analytically characterized. In addition, the interactions between antenna position optimization, receiver processing, and user loading are examined, and performance is evaluated under both time-division duplexing (TDD) and frequency-division duplexing (FDD). The results show that movable antennas can provide noticeable gains in low-impairment regimes with strong multi-user interference, but these benefits are highly scenario-dependent and diminish under hardware-impairment-limited conditions or in rich-scattering environments. These findings highlight the importance of carefully assessing deployment conditions when considering antenna mobility as an alternative to conventional fixed array configurations.