AI Discovering a Coordinate System of Chemical Elements: Dual Representation by Variational Autoencoders

The periodic table is a fundamental representation of chemical elements that plays essential theoretical and practical roles. The research article discusses the experiences of unsupervised training of neural networks to represent elements on the 2D latent space based on their electron configurations while forcing disentanglement. To emphasize chemical properties of the elements, the original data of electron configurations has been realigned towards the outermost valence orbitals. Recognizing seven shells and four subshells, the input data has been arranged as (7x4) images. Latent space representation has been performed using a convolutional beta variational autoencoder (beta-VAE). Despite discrete and sparse input data, the beta-VAE disentangles elements of different periods, blocks, groups, and types, while retaining the order along atomic numbers. In addition, it isolates outliers on the latent space that turned out to be known cases of Madelung's rule violations for lanthanide and actinide elements. Considering the generative capabilities of beta-VAE and discrete input data, the supervised machine learning has been set to find out if there are insightful patterns distinguishing electron configurations between real elements and decoded artificial ones. Also, the article addresses the capability of dual representation by autoencoders. Conventionally, autoencoders represent observations of input data on the latent space. However, by transposing and duplicating original input data, it is possible to represent variables on the latent space as well. The latest can lead to the discovery of meaningful patterns among input variables. Applying that unsupervised learning for transposed data of electron configurations, the order of input variables that has been arranged by the encoder on the latent space has turned out to exactly match the sequence of Madelung's rule.