Beyond Independent Labels: Schwartz-Geometry Decoding for Human Value Detection

Human value detection is commonly formulated as sentence-level multi-label classification over the 19 refined Schwartz values, typically predicted as independent labels. Schwartz theory, however, describes them as a circular motivational continuum, in which adjacent values are compatible and opposing values are in tension. We ask whether this structure can be operationalized as an explicit output-space geometry and used as a soft bias rather than a hard constraint. On a DeBERTa-v3-base classifier, we compare two ways of injecting it: training-time geometry-aware objectives and a post-hoc Schwartz-aware energy decoder that scores whole label sets jointly. Across five seeds, training-time geometry gives only limited gains-no larger for the true continuum than for a random ordering-whereas the decoder makes label sets more coherent with the continuum-on theory-aware coherence metrics we introduce-at no cost to Macro-F1 or Micro-F1 (held fixed by its selection rule). The gain is specific to the true Schwartz ordering: it does not appear for a random permutation or an empirical co-occurrence graph through the identical decoder. A bounded Qwen2.5-72B-Instruct diagnostic shows that supplying the continuum at inference shifts behavior but does not match supervised structured prediction. Theory-aware decoding thus offers a lightweight, controllable way to make value detection faithful to its label space.

More Context, Larger Models, or Moral Knowledge? A Systematic Study of Schwartz Value Detection in Political Texts

Detecting Schwartz values in political text is difficult because implicit cues often depend on surrounding arguments and fine-grained distinctions between neighboring values. We study when context and explicit moral knowledge help sentence-level value detection. Using the ValuesML/Touch{é} ValueEval format, we compare sentence, window, and full-document inputs; no-RAG and retrieval-augmented settings with a curated moral knowledge base; supervised DeBERTa-v3-base/large encoders; and zero-shot LLMs from 12B to 123B parameters. The results show that more context is not uniformly better: full-document context improves supervised DeBERTa encoders by 3.8--4.8 macro-F1 points over sentence-only input, but does not consistently help zero-shot LLMs. Retrieved moral knowledge is more consistently useful in matched comparisons, improving each tested model family and context condition under early fusion. However, scaling from DeBERTa-v3-base to large and from 12B to larger LLMs does not guarantee gains, and simple early fusion outperforms the tested late-fusion and cross-attention RAG variants for encoders. Per-value analyses show that context and retrieval help most for socially situated or conceptually confusable values. These findings suggest that value-sensitive NLP should evaluate context, knowledge, and model family jointly rather than treating longer inputs or larger models as universal improvements.

A Baseline Multimodal Approach to Emotion Recognition in Conversations

We present a lightweight multimodal baseline for emotion recognition in conversations using the SemEval-2024 Task 3 dataset built from the sitcom Friends. The goal of this report is not to propose a novel state-of-the-art method, but to document an accessible reference implementation that combines (i) a transformer-based text classifier and (ii) a self-supervised speech representation model, with a simple late-fusion ensemble. We report the baseline setup and empirical results obtained under a limited training protocol, highlighting when multimodal fusion improves over unimodal models. This preprint is provided for transparency and to support future, more rigorous comparisons.

Do Schwartz Higher-Order Values Help Sentence-Level Human Value Detection? When Hard Gating Hurts

Sentence-level human value detection is typically framed as multi-label classification over Schwartz values, but it remains unclear whether Schwartz higher-order (HO) categories provide usable structure. We study this under a strict compute-frugal budget (single 8 GB GPU) on ValueEval'24 / ValuesML (74K English sentences). We compare (i) direct supervised transformers, (ii) HO$\rightarrow$values pipelines that enforce the hierarchy with hard masks, and (iii) Presence$\rightarrow$HO$\rightarrow$values cascades, alongside low-cost add-ons (lexica, short context, topics), label-wise threshold tuning, small instruction-tuned LLM baselines ($\le$10B), QLoRA, and simple ensembles. HO categories are learnable from single sentences (e.g., the easiest bipolar pair reaches Macro-$F_1\approx0.58$), but hard hierarchical gating is not a reliable win: it often reduces end-task Macro-$F_1$ via error compounding and recall suppression. In contrast, label-wise threshold tuning is a high-leverage knob (up to $+0.05$ Macro-$F_1$), and small transformer ensembles provide the most consistent additional gains (up to $+0.02$ Macro-$F_1$). Small LLMs lag behind supervised encoders as stand-alone systems, yet can contribute complementary errors in cross-family ensembles. Overall, HO structure is useful descriptively, but enforcing it with hard gates hurts sentence-level value detection; robust improvements come from calibration and lightweight ensembling.

Human Values in a Single Sentence: Moral Presence, Hierarchies, and Transformer Ensembles on the Schwartz Continuum

We study sentence-level identification of the 19 values in the Schwartz motivational continuum as a concrete formulation of human value detection in text. The setting - out-of-context sentences from news and political manifestos - features sparse moral cues and severe class imbalance. This combination makes fine-grained sentence-level value detection intrinsically difficult, even for strong modern neural models. We first operationalize a binary moral presence task ("does any value appear?") and show that it is learnable from single sentences (positive-class F1 $\approx$ 0.74 with calibrated thresholds). We then compare a presence-gated hierarchy to a direct multi-label classifier under matched compute, both based on DeBERTa-base and augmented with lightweight signals (prior-sentence context, LIWC-22/eMFD/MJD lexica, and topic features). The hierarchy does not outperform direct prediction, indicating that gate recall limits downstream gains. We also benchmark instruction-tuned LLMs - Gemma 2 9B, Llama 3.1 8B, Mistral 8B, and Qwen 2.5 7B - in zero-/few-shot and QLoRA setups and build simple ensembles; a soft-vote supervised ensemble reaches macro-F1 0.332, significantly surpassing the best single supervised model and exceeding prior English-only baselines. Overall, in this scenario, lightweight signals and small ensembles yield the most reliable improvements, while hierarchical gating offers limited benefit. We argue that, under an 8 GB single-GPU constraint and at the 7-9B scale, carefully tuned supervised encoders remain a strong and compute-efficient baseline for structured human value detection, and we outline how richer value structure and sentence-in-document context could further improve performance.