A human brain atlas of chi-separation for normative iron and myelin distributions

Iron and myelin are primary susceptibility sources in the human brain. These substances are essential for healthy brain, and their abnormalities are often related to various neurological disorders. Recently, an advanced susceptibility mapping technique, which is referred to as chi-separation, has been proposed successfully disentangling paramagnetic iron from diamagnetic myelin, opening a new potential for generating iron map and myelin map in the brain. Utilizing this technique, this study constructs a normative chi-separation atlas from 106 healthy human brains. The resulting atlas provides detailed anatomical structures associated with the distributions of iron and myelin, clearly delineating subcortical nuclei and white matter fiber bundles. Additionally, susceptibility values in a number of regions of interest are reported along with age-dependent changes. This atlas may have direct applications such as localization of subcortical structures for deep brain stimulation or high-intensity focused ultrasound and also serve as a valuable resource for future research.