Fracture Detection in Wrist X-ray Images Using Deep Learning-Based Object Detection Models

Wrist fractures are common cases in hospitals, particularly in emergency services. Physicians need images from various medical devices, and patients medical history and physical examination to diagnose these fractures correctly and apply proper treatment. This study aims to perform fracture detection using deep learning on wrist Xray images to assist physicians not specialized in the field, working in emergency services in particular, in diagnosis of fractures. For this purpose, 20 different detection procedures were performed using deep learning based object detection models on dataset of wrist Xray images obtained from Gazi University Hospital. DCN, Dynamic R_CNN, Faster R_CNN, FSAF, Libra R_CNN, PAA, RetinaNet, RegNet and SABL deep learning based object detection models with various backbones were used herein. To further improve detection procedures in the study, 5 different ensemble models were developed, which were later used to reform an ensemble model to develop a detection model unique to our study, titled wrist fracture detection combo (WFD_C). Based on detection of 26 different fractures in total, the highest result of detection was 0.8639 average precision (AP50) in WFD_C model developed. This study is supported by Huawei Turkey R&D Center within the scope of the ongoing cooperation project coded 071813 among Gazi University, Huawei and Medskor.

Classification of Fracture and Normal Shoulder Bone X-Ray Images Using Ensemble and Transfer Learning With Deep Learning Models Based on Convolutional Neural Networks

Fractures occur in the shoulder area, which has a wider range of motion than other joints in the body, due to various reasons. To diagnose these fractures the data gathered from X-radiation (X-ray), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) are used. In this study, it is aimed to help physicians by classifying the shoulder images taken from X-Ray devices as fracture / non-fracture with artificial intelligence. For this purpose, the performances of 26 deep learning-based pretrained models in the detection of shoulder fractures were evaluated on the musculoskeletal radiographs (MURA) dataset, and 2 ensemble learning models (EL1, EL2) were developed. The pretrained models used are ResNet, ResNeXt, DenseNet, VGG, Inception, MobileNet and their versions with Spinal fully connected (Spinal FC). In EL1 and EL2 models developed using pretrained models with the highest test performance, test accuracy was 0.8455,0.8472; Cohens cappa 0.6907,0.6942; the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) 0.8862,0.8695 values were obtained for the fracture class. As a result of 28 different classifications in total, the highest test accuracy and Cohen cappa value were obtained in the EL2 model, and the highest AUC value was obtained in the EL1 model.