Spatiotemporal Multi-Task Graph Transformer for Trip-Level Transit Prediction

Passenger count data from public transit systems reveals urban mobility patterns and is essential for planning, operation, and optimisation. However, non-linear spatiotemporal interdependencies across stops and lines make modelling and prediction challenging. Existing approaches often rely on fixed temporal, spatial, or stop-level formulations, limiting their ability to capture within-trip evolution and network context. This study proposes SMT-GraphFormer, a spatiotemporal multi-task graph transformer that frames trip-level transit prediction as sequence-to-sequence modelling. Given a line's stop sequence and trip-level context, the model predicts successive boarding and alighting counts, with delay and dwell time treated as encoder-side surrogate tasks. Key components include graph embeddings for multi-relational stop similarity, a context encoder for weather and temporal information, and a multi-gate mixture-of-experts module that produces task-specific decoder representations for boarding and alighting predictions. Evaluation on public bus transit data from Trondheim, Norway, shows that SMT-GraphFormer outperforms stop-level tabular benchmarks, with ablation studies examining each component's contribution. The sequential formulation yields substantial gains on alighting prediction ($+$0.24 in $R^2$) and consistent improvements on boarding, delay, and dwell, confirming the value of explicit trip-level sequential bias and inter-target dependencies. These findings demonstrate the potential of transformer-based sequence modelling for capturing complex spatiotemporal dynamics in public transit and underscore the value of architectures tailored to transit data rather than off-the-shelf tabular models. The proposed framework provides a horizon-agnostic basis for scenario analysis in digital twin environments, supporting informed decision-making by planners and transit operators.

Real-Time Hand Gesture Recognition: Integrating Skeleton-Based Data Fusion and Multi-Stream CNN

This study focuses on Hand Gesture Recognition (HGR), which is vital for perceptual computing across various real-world contexts. The primary challenge in the HGR domain lies in dealing with the individual variations inherent in human hand morphology. To tackle this challenge, we introduce an innovative HGR framework that combines data-level fusion and an Ensemble Tuner Multi-stream CNN architecture. This approach effectively encodes spatiotemporal gesture information from the skeleton modality into RGB images, thereby minimizing noise while improving semantic gesture comprehension. Our framework operates in real-time, significantly reducing hardware requirements and computational complexity while maintaining competitive performance on benchmark datasets such as SHREC2017, DHG1428, FPHA, LMDHG and CNR. This improvement in HGR demonstrates robustness and paves the way for practical, real-time applications that leverage resource-limited devices for human-machine interaction and ambient intelligence.