An Overview on Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Modalities: Methods, Challenges, and Future Works

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a mental disorder that typically emerges in late adolescence or early adulthood. It reduces the life expectancy of patients by 15 years. Abnormal behavior, perception of emotions, social relationships, and reality perception are among its most significant symptoms. Past studies have revealed the temporal and anterior lobes of hippocampus regions of brain get affected by SZ. Also, increased volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and decreased volume of white and gray matter can be observed due to this disease. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the popular neuroimaging technique used to explore structural/functional brain abnormalities in SZ disorder owing to its high spatial resolution. Various artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been employed with advanced image/signal processing methods to obtain accurate diagnosis of SZ. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of studies conducted on automated diagnosis of SZ using MRI modalities. Main findings, various challenges, and future works in developing the automated SZ detection are described in this paper.

Automated Detection and Forecasting of COVID-19 using Deep Learning Techniques: A Review

Coronavirus, or COVID-19, is a hazardous disease that has endangered the health of many people around the world by directly affecting the lungs. COVID-19 is a medium-sized, coated virus with a single-stranded RNA. This virus has one of the largest RNA genomes and is approximately 120 nm. The X-Ray and computed tomography (CT) imaging modalities are widely used to obtain a fast and accurate medical diagnosis. Identifying COVID-19 from these medical images is extremely challenging as it is time-consuming, demanding, and prone to human errors. Hence, artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies can be used to obtain consistent high performance. Among the AI methodologies, deep learning (DL) networks have gained much popularity compared to traditional machine learning (ML) methods. Unlike ML techniques, all stages of feature extraction, feature selection, and classification are accomplished automatically in DL models. In this paper, a complete survey of studies on the application of DL techniques for COVID-19 diagnostic and automated segmentation of lungs is discussed, concentrating on works that used X-Ray and CT images. Additionally, a review of papers on the forecasting of coronavirus prevalence in different parts of the world with DL techniques is presented. Lastly, the challenges faced in the automated detection of COVID-19 using DL techniques and directions for future research are discussed.

Deep Learning for Neuroimaging-based Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review

Accurate diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is essential for its management and rehabilitation. Neuroimaging techniques that are non-invasive are disease markers and may be leveraged to aid ASD diagnosis. Structural and functional neuroimaging techniques provide physicians substantial information about the structure (anatomy and structural connectivity) and function (activity and functional connectivity) of the brain. Due to the intricate structure and function of the brain, diagnosing ASD with neuroimaging data without exploiting artificial intelligence (AI) techniques is extremely challenging. AI techniques comprise traditional machine learning (ML) approaches and deep learning (DL) techniques. Conventional ML methods employ various feature extraction and classification techniques, but in DL, the process of feature extraction and classification is accomplished intelligently and integrally. In this paper, studies conducted with the aid of DL networks to distinguish ASD were investigated. Rehabilitation tools provided by supporting ASD patients utilizing DL networks were also assessed. Finally, we presented important challenges in this automated detection and rehabilitation of ASD.

Epileptic seizure detection using deep learning techniques: A Review

A variety of screening approaches have been proposed to diagnose epileptic seizures, using Electroencephalography (EEG) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) modalities. Artificial intelligence encompasses a variety of areas, and one of its branches is deep learning. Before the rise of deep learning, conventional machine learning algorithms involving feature extraction were performed. This limited their performance to the ability of those handcrafting the features. However, in deep learning, the extraction of features and classification is entirely automated. The advent of these techniques in many areas of medicine such as diagnosis of epileptic seizures, has made significant advances. In this study, a comprehensive overview of the types of deep learning methods exploited to diagnose epileptic seizures from various modalities has been studied. Additionally, hardware implementation and cloud-based works are discussed as they are most suited for applied medicine.

Material Recognition for Automated Progress Monitoring using Deep Learning Methods

Recent advancements in Artificial intelligence, especially deep learning, has changed many fields irreversibly by introducing state of the art methods for automation. Construction monitoring has not been an exception; as a part of construction monitoring systems, material classification and recognition have drawn the attention of deep learning and machine vision researchers. However, to create production-ready systems, there is still a long path to cover. Real-world problems such as varying illuminations and reaching acceptable accuracies need to be addressed in order to create robust systems. In this paper, we have addressed these issues and reached a state of the art performance, i.e., 97.35% accuracy rate for this task. Also, a new dataset containing 1231 images of 11 classes taken from several construction sites is gathered and publicly published to help other researchers in this field.