User Modeling and User Profiling: A Comprehensive Survey

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into daily life, particularly through information retrieval and recommender systems, has necessitated advanced user modeling and profiling techniques to deliver personalized experiences. These techniques aim to construct accurate user representations based on the rich amounts of data generated through interactions with these systems. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the current state, evolution, and future directions of user modeling and profiling research. We provide a historical overview, tracing the development from early stereotype models to the latest deep learning techniques, and propose a novel taxonomy that encompasses all active topics in this research area, including recent trends. Our survey highlights the paradigm shifts towards more sophisticated user profiling methods, emphasizing implicit data collection, multi-behavior modeling, and the integration of graph data structures. We also address the critical need for privacy-preserving techniques and the push towards explainability and fairness in user modeling approaches. By examining the definitions of core terminology, we aim to clarify ambiguities and foster a clearer understanding of the field by proposing two novel encyclopedic definitions of the main terms. Furthermore, we explore the application of user modeling in various domains, such as fake news detection, cybersecurity, and personalized education. This survey serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers and practitioners, offering insights into the evolution of user modeling and profiling and guiding the development of more personalized, ethical, and effective AI systems.

Robustness in Fairness against Edge-level Perturbations in GNN-based Recommendation

Efforts in the recommendation community are shifting from the sole emphasis on utility to considering beyond-utility factors, such as fairness and robustness. Robustness of recommendation models is typically linked to their ability to maintain the original utility when subjected to attacks. Limited research has explored the robustness of a recommendation model in terms of fairness, e.g., the parity in performance across groups, under attack scenarios. In this paper, we aim to assess the robustness of graph-based recommender systems concerning fairness, when exposed to attacks based on edge-level perturbations. To this end, we considered four different fairness operationalizations, including both consumer and provider perspectives. Experiments on three datasets shed light on the impact of perturbations on the targeted fairness notion, uncovering key shortcomings in existing evaluation protocols for robustness. As an example, we observed perturbations affect consumer fairness on a higher extent than provider fairness, with alarming unfairness for the former. Source code: https://github.com/jackmedda/CPFairRobust

A Cost-Sensitive Meta-Learning Strategy for Fair Provider Exposure in Recommendation

When devising recommendation services, it is important to account for the interests of all content providers, encompassing not only newcomers but also minority demographic groups. In various instances, certain provider groups find themselves underrepresented in the item catalog, a situation that can influence recommendation results. Hence, platform owners often seek to regulate the exposure of these provider groups in the recommended lists. In this paper, we propose a novel cost-sensitive approach designed to guarantee these target exposure levels in pairwise recommendation models. This approach quantifies, and consequently mitigate, the discrepancies between the volume of recommendations allocated to groups and their contribution in the item catalog, under the principle of equity. Our results show that this approach, while aligning groups exposure with their assigned levels, does not compromise to the original recommendation utility. Source code and pre-processed data can be retrieved at https://github.com/alessandraperniciano/meta-learning-strategy-fair-provider-exposure.

MOReGIn: Multi-Objective Recommendation at the Global and Individual Levels

Multi-Objective Recommender Systems (MORSs) emerged as a paradigm to guarantee multiple (often conflicting) goals. Besides accuracy, a MORS can operate at the global level, where additional beyond-accuracy goals are met for the system as a whole, or at the individual level, meaning that the recommendations are tailored to the needs of each user. The state-of-the-art MORSs either operate at the global or individual level, without assuming the co-existence of the two perspectives. In this study, we show that when global and individual objectives co-exist, MORSs are not able to meet both types of goals. To overcome this issue, we present an approach that regulates the recommendation lists so as to guarantee both global and individual perspectives, while preserving its effectiveness. Specifically, as individual perspective, we tackle genre calibration and, as global perspective, provider fairness. We validate our approach on two real-world datasets, publicly released with this paper.

Faithful Path Language Modelling for Explainable Recommendation over Knowledge Graph

Path reasoning methods over knowledge graphs have gained popularity for their potential to improve transparency in recommender systems. However, the resulting models still rely on pre-trained knowledge graph embeddings, fail to fully exploit the interdependence between entities and relations in the KG for recommendation, and may generate inaccurate explanations. In this paper, we introduce PEARLM, a novel approach that efficiently captures user behaviour and product-side knowledge through language modelling. With our approach, knowledge graph embeddings are directly learned from paths over the KG by the language model, which also unifies entities and relations in the same optimisation space. Constraints on the sequence decoding additionally guarantee path faithfulness with respect to the KG. Experiments on two datasets show the effectiveness of our approach compared to state-of-the-art baselines. Source code and datasets: AVAILABLE AFTER GETTING ACCEPTED.

Counterfactual Graph Augmentation for Consumer Unfairness Mitigation in Recommender Systems

In recommendation literature, explainability and fairness are becoming two prominent perspectives to consider. However, prior works have mostly addressed them separately, for instance by explaining to consumers why a certain item was recommended or mitigating disparate impacts in recommendation utility. None of them has leveraged explainability techniques to inform unfairness mitigation. In this paper, we propose an approach that relies on counterfactual explanations to augment the set of user-item interactions, such that using them while inferring recommendations leads to fairer outcomes. Modeling user-item interactions as a bipartite graph, our approach augments the latter by identifying new user-item edges that not only can explain the original unfairness by design, but can also mitigate it. Experiments on two public data sets show that our approach effectively leads to a better trade-off between fairness and recommendation utility compared with state-of-the-art mitigation procedures. We further analyze the characteristics of added edges to highlight key unfairness patterns. Source code available at https://github.com/jackmedda/RS-BGExplainer/tree/cikm2023.

Looks Can Be Deceiving: Linking User-Item Interactions and User's Propensity Towards Multi-Objective Recommendations

Multi-objective recommender systems (MORS) provide suggestions to users according to multiple (and possibly conflicting) goals. When a system optimizes its results at the individual-user level, it tailors them on a user's propensity towards the different objectives. Hence, the capability to understand users' fine-grained needs towards each goal is crucial. In this paper, we present the results of a user study in which we monitored the way users interacted with recommended items, as well as their self-proclaimed propensities towards relevance, novelty and diversity objectives. The study was divided into several sessions, where users evaluated recommendation lists originating from a relevance-only single-objective baseline as well as MORS. We show that despite MORS-based recommendations attracted less selections, its presence in the early sessions is crucial for users' satisfaction in the later stages. Surprisingly, the self-proclaimed willingness of users to interact with novel and diverse items is not always reflected in the recommendations they accept. Post-study questionnaires provide insights on how to deal with this matter, suggesting that MORS-based results should be accompanied by elements that allow users to understand the recommendations, so as to facilitate their acceptance.

GNNUERS: Fairness Explanation in GNNs for Recommendation via Counterfactual Reasoning

In recent years, personalization research has been delving into issues of explainability and fairness. While some techniques have emerged to provide post-hoc and self-explanatory individual recommendations, there is still a lack of methods aimed at uncovering unfairness in recommendation systems beyond identifying biased user and item features. This paper proposes a new algorithm, GNNUERS, which uses counterfactuals to pinpoint user unfairness explanations in terms of user-item interactions within a bi-partite graph. By perturbing the graph topology, GNNUERS reduces differences in utility between protected and unprotected demographic groups. The paper evaluates the approach using four real-world graphs from different domains and demonstrates its ability to systematically explain user unfairness in three state-of-the-art GNN-based recommendation models. This perturbed network analysis reveals insightful patterns that confirm the nature of the unfairness underlying the explanations. The source code and preprocessed datasets are available at https://github.com/jackmedda/RS-BGExplainer

Knowledge is Power, Understanding is Impact: Utility and Beyond Goals, Explanation Quality, and Fairness in Path Reasoning Recommendation

Path reasoning is a notable recommendation approach that models high-order user-product relations, based on a Knowledge Graph (KG). This approach can extract reasoning paths between recommended products and already experienced products and, then, turn such paths into textual explanations for the user. Unfortunately, evaluation protocols in this field appear heterogeneous and limited, making it hard to contextualize the impact of the existing methods. In this paper, we replicated three state-of-the-art relevant path reasoning recommendation methods proposed in top-tier conferences. Under a common evaluation protocol, based on two public data sets and in comparison with other knowledge-aware methods, we then studied the extent to which they meet recommendation utility and beyond objectives, explanation quality, and consumer and provider fairness. Our study provides a picture of the progress in this field, highlighting open issues and future directions. Source code: \url{https://github.com/giacoballoccu/rep-path-reasoning-recsys}.