Learnable Quantum Efficiency Filters for Urban Hyperspectral Segmentation

Hyperspectral sensing provides rich spectral information for scene understanding in urban driving, but its high dimensionality poses challenges for interpretation and efficient learning. We introduce Learnable Quantum Efficiency (LQE), a physics-inspired, interpretable dimensionality reduction (DR) method that parameterizes smooth high-order spectral response functions that emulate plausible sensor quantum efficiency curves. Unlike conventional methods or unconstrained learnable layers, LQE enforces physically motivated constraints, including a single dominant peak, smooth responses, and bounded bandwidth. This formulation yields a compact spectral representation that preserves discriminative information while remaining fully differentiable and end-to-end trainable within semantic segmentation models (SSMs). We conduct systematic evaluations across three publicly available multi-class hyperspectral urban driving datasets, comparing LQE against six conventional and seven learnable baseline DR methods across six SSMs. Averaged across all SSMs and configurations, LQE achieves the highest average mIoU, improving over conventional methods by 2.45\%, 0.45\%, and 1.04\%, and over learnable methods by 1.18\%, 1.56\%, and 0.81\% on HyKo, HSI-Drive, and Hyperspectral City, respectively. LQE maintains strong parameter efficiency (12--36 parameters compared to 51--22K for competing learnable approaches) and competitive inference latency. Ablation studies show that low-order configurations are optimal, while the learned spectral filters converge to dataset-intrinsic wavelength patterns. These results demonstrate that physics-informed spectral learning can improve both performance and interpretability, providing a principled bridge between hyperspectral perception and data-driven multispectral sensor design for automotive vision systems.

Humanity's Last Exam

Benchmarks are important tools for tracking the rapid advancements in large language model (LLM) capabilities. However, benchmarks are not keeping pace in difficulty: LLMs now achieve over 90\% accuracy on popular benchmarks like MMLU, limiting informed measurement of state-of-the-art LLM capabilities. In response, we introduce Humanity's Last Exam (HLE), a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, designed to be the final closed-ended academic benchmark of its kind with broad subject coverage. HLE consists of 3,000 questions across dozens of subjects, including mathematics, humanities, and the natural sciences. HLE is developed globally by subject-matter experts and consists of multiple-choice and short-answer questions suitable for automated grading. Each question has a known solution that is unambiguous and easily verifiable, but cannot be quickly answered via internet retrieval. State-of-the-art LLMs demonstrate low accuracy and calibration on HLE, highlighting a significant gap between current LLM capabilities and the expert human frontier on closed-ended academic questions. To inform research and policymaking upon a clear understanding of model capabilities, we publicly release HLE at https://lastexam.ai.