A Robotic Medical Clown (RMC): Forming a Design Space Model

Medical clowns help hospitalized children in reducing pain and anxiety symptoms and increase the level of satisfaction in children's wards. Unfortunately, there is a shortage of medical clowns around the world. Furthermore, isolated children can not enjoy this service. This study explored the concept of a Robotic Medical Clown (RMC) and its role. We used mixed methods of elicitation to create a design space model for future robotic medical clowns. We investigated the needs, perceptions, and preferences of children and teenagers using four methods: interviewing medical clowns to learn how they perceive their role and the potential role of an RMC, conducting focus groups with teenagers, a one-on-one experience of children with a robot, and an online questionnaire. The concept of RMCs was acceptable to children, teenagers, and medical clowns. We found that the RMC's appearance affects the perception of its characters and role. Future work should investigate the interaction in hospitals.

Designing Socially Assistive Robots: Exploring Israeli and German Designers' Perceptions

Socially assistive robots (SARs) are becoming more prevalent in everyday life, emphasizing the need to make them socially acceptable and aligned with users' expectations. Robots' appearance impacts users' behaviors and attitudes towards them. Therefore, product designers choose visual qualities to give the robot a character and to imply its functionality and personality. In this work, we sought to investigate the effect of cultural differences on Israeli and German designers' perceptions and preferences regarding the suitable visual qualities of SARs in four different contexts: a service robot for an assisted living/retirement residence facility, a medical assistant robot for a hospital environment, a COVID-19 officer robot, and a personal assistant robot for domestic use. Our results indicate that Israeli and German designers share similar perceptions of visual qualities and most of the robotics roles. However, we found differences in the perception of the COVID-19 officer robot's role and, by that, its most suitable visual design. This work indicates that context and culture play a role in users' perceptions and expectations; therefore, they should be taken into account when designing new SARs for diverse contexts.

Designing robots with the context in mind -- One design does not fit all

Robots' visual qualities (VQs) impact people's perception of their characteristics and affect users' behaviors and attitudes toward the robot. Recent years point toward a growing need for Socially Assistive Robots (SARs) in various contexts and functions, interacting with various users. Since SAR types have functional differences, the user experience must vary by the context of use, functionality, user characteristics, and environmental conditions. Still, SAR manufacturers often design and deploy the same robotic embodiment for diverse contexts. We argue that the visual design of SARs requires a more scientific approach considering their multiple evolving roles in future society. In this work, we define four contextual layers: the domain in which the SAR exists, the physical environment, its intended users, and the robot's role. Via an online questionnaire, we collected potential users' expectations regarding the desired characteristics and visual qualities of four different SARs: a service robot for an assisted living/retirement residence facility, a medical assistant robot for a hospital environment, a COVID-19 officer robot, and a personal assistant robot for domestic use. Results indicated that users' expectations differ regarding the robot's desired characteristics and the anticipated visual qualities for each context and use case.