Soil analysis with machine-learning-based processing of stepped-frequency GPR field measurements: Preliminary study

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has been widely studied as a tool for extracting soil parameters relevant to agriculture and horticulture. When combined with Machine-Learning-based (ML) methods, high-resolution Stepped Frequency Countinuous Wave Radar (SFCW) measurements hold the promise to give cost effective access to depth resolved soil parameters, including at root-level depth. In a first step in this direction, we perform an extensive field survey with a tractor mounted SFCW GPR instrument. Using ML data processing we test the GPR instrument's capabilities to predict the apparent electrical conductivity (ECaR) as measured by a simultaneously recording Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) instrument. The large-scale field measurement campaign with 3472 co-registered and geo-located GPR and EMI data samples distributed over ~6600 square meters was performed on a golf course. The selected terrain benefits from a high surface homogeneity, but also features the challenge of only small, and hence hard to discern, variations in the measured soil parameter. Based on the quantitative results we suggest the use of nugget-to-sill ratio as a performance metric for the evaluation of end-to-end ML performance in the agricultural setting and discuss the limiting factors in the multi-sensor regression setting. The code is released as open source and available at https://opensource.silicon-austria.com/xuc/soil-analysis-machine-learning-stepped-frequency-gpr.

SNN Architecture for Differential Time Encoding Using Decoupled Processing Time

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have gained attention in recent years due to their ability to handle sparse and event-based data better than regular artificial neural networks (ANNs). Since the structure of SNNs is less suited for typically used accelerators such as GPUs than conventional ANNs, there is a demand for custom hardware accelerators for processing SNNs. In the past, the main focus was on platforms that resemble the structure of multiprocessor systems. In this work, we propose a lightweight neuron layer architecture that allows network structures to be directly mapped onto digital hardware. Our approach is based on differential time coding of spike sequences and the decoupling of processing time and spike timing that allows the SNN to be processed on different hardware platforms. We present synthesis and performance results showing that this architecture can be implemented for networks of more than 1000 neurons with high clock speeds on a State-of-the-Art FPGA. We furthermore show results on the robustness of our approach to quantization. These results demonstrate that high-accuracy inference can be performed with bit widths as low as 4.