The wide applicability and adaptability of generative large language models (LLMs) has enabled their rapid adoption. While the pre-trained models can perform many tasks, such models are often fine-tuned to improve their performance on various downstream applications. However, this leads to issues over violation of model licenses, model theft, and copyright infringement. Moreover, recent advances show that generative technology is capable of producing harmful content which exacerbates the problems of accountability within model supply chains. Thus, we need a method to investigate how a model was trained or a piece of text was generated and what their pre-trained base model was. In this paper we take the first step to address this open problem by tracing back the origin of a given fine-tuned LLM to its corresponding pre-trained base model. We consider different knowledge levels and attribution strategies, and find that we can correctly trace back 8 out of the 10 fine tuned models with our best method.
Text-guided image editing has recently experienced rapid development. However, simultaneously performing multiple editing actions on a single image, such as background replacement and specific subject attribute changes, while maintaining consistency between the subject and the background remains challenging. In this paper, we propose LayerDiffusion, a semantic-based layered controlled image editing method. Our method enables non-rigid editing and attribute modification of specific subjects while preserving their unique characteristics and seamlessly integrating them into new backgrounds. We leverage a large-scale text-to-image model and employ a layered controlled optimization strategy combined with layered diffusion training. During the diffusion process, an iterative guidance strategy is used to generate a final image that aligns with the textual description. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in generating highly coherent images that closely align with the given textual description. The edited images maintain a high similarity to the features of the input image and surpass the performance of current leading image editing methods. LayerDiffusion opens up new possibilities for controllable image editing.
This paper presents a novel approach in autonomous robot control, named LLM-BRAIn, that makes possible robot behavior generation, based on operator's commands. LLM-BRAIn is a transformer-based Large Language Model (LLM) fine-tuned from Stanford Alpaca 7B model to generate robot behavior tree (BT) from the text description. We train the LLM-BRAIn on 8,5k instruction-following demonstrations, generated in the style of self-instruct using text-davinchi-003. The developed model accurately builds complex robot behavior while remaining small enough to be run on the robot's onboard microcomputer. The model gives structural and logical correct BTs and can successfully manage instructions that were not presented in training set. The experiment did not reveal any significant subjective differences between BTs generated by LLM-BRAIn and those created by humans (on average, participants were able to correctly distinguish between LLM-BRAIn generated BTs and human-created BTs in only 4.53 out of 10 cases, indicating that their performance was close to random chance). The proposed approach potentially can be applied to mobile robotics, drone operation, robot manipulator systems and Industry 4.0.
We propose and address a new generalisation problem: can a model trained for action recognition successfully classify actions when they are performed within a previously unseen scenario and in a previously unseen location? To answer this question, we introduce the Action Recognition Generalisation Over scenarios and locations dataset (ARGO1M), which contains 1.1M video clips from the large-scale Ego4D dataset, across 10 scenarios and 13 locations. We demonstrate recognition models struggle to generalise over 10 proposed test splits, each of an unseen scenario in an unseen location. We thus propose CIR, a method to represent each video as a Cross-Instance Reconstruction of videos from other domains. Reconstructions are paired with text narrations to guide the learning of a domain generalisable representation. We provide extensive analysis and ablations on ARGO1M that show CIR outperforms prior domain generalisation works on all test splits. Code and data: https://chiaraplizz.github.io/what-can-a-cook/.
Self-supervised learning (SSL) for speech representation has been successfully applied in various downstream tasks, such as speech and speaker recognition. More recently, speech SSL models have also been shown to be beneficial in advancing spoken language understanding tasks, implying that the SSL models have the potential to learn not only acoustic but also linguistic information. In this paper, we aim to clarify if speech SSL techniques can well capture linguistic knowledge. For this purpose, we introduce SpeechGLUE, a speech version of the General Language Understanding Evaluation (GLUE) benchmark. Since GLUE comprises a variety of natural language understanding tasks, SpeechGLUE can elucidate the degree of linguistic ability of speech SSL models. Experiments demonstrate that speech SSL models, although inferior to text-based SSL models, perform better than baselines, suggesting that they can acquire a certain amount of general linguistic knowledge from just unlabeled speech data.
Most of existing video-language pre-training methods focus on instance-level alignment between video clips and captions via global contrastive learning but neglect rich fine-grained local information, which is of importance to downstream tasks requiring temporal localization and semantic reasoning. In this work, we propose a simple yet effective video-language pre-training framework, namely G-ViLM, to learn discriminative spatiotemporal features. Two novel designs involving spatiotemporal grounding and temporal grouping promote learning local region-noun alignment and temporal-aware features simultaneously. Specifically, spatiotemporal grounding aggregates semantically similar video tokens and aligns them with noun phrases extracted from the caption to promote local region-noun correspondences. Moreover, temporal grouping leverages cut-and-paste to manually create temporal scene changes and then learns distinguishable features from different scenes. Comprehensive evaluations demonstrate that G-ViLM performs favorably against existing approaches on four representative downstream tasks, covering text-video retrieval, video question answering, video action recognition and temporal action localization. G-ViLM performs competitively on all evaluated tasks and in particular achieves R@10 of 65.1 on zero-shot MSR-VTT retrieval, over 9% higher than the state-of-the-art method.
Denoising diffusion models have shown remarkable potential in various generation tasks. The open-source large-scale text-to-image model, Stable Diffusion, becomes prevalent as it can generate realistic artistic or facial images with personalization through fine-tuning on a limited number of new samples. However, this has raised privacy concerns as adversaries can acquire facial images online and fine-tune text-to-image models for malicious editing, leading to baseless scandals, defamation, and disruption to victims' lives. Prior research efforts have focused on deriving adversarial loss from conventional training processes for facial privacy protection through adversarial perturbations. However, existing algorithms face two issues: 1) they neglect the image-text fusion module, which is the vital module of text-to-image diffusion models, and 2) their defensive performance is unstable against different attacker prompts. In this paper, we propose the Adversarial Decoupling Augmentation Framework (ADAF), addressing these issues by targeting the image-text fusion module to enhance the defensive performance of facial privacy protection algorithms. ADAF introduces multi-level text-related augmentations for defense stability against various attacker prompts. Concretely, considering the vision, text, and common unit space, we propose Vision-Adversarial Loss, Prompt-Robust Augmentation, and Attention-Decoupling Loss. Extensive experiments on CelebA-HQ and VGGFace2 demonstrate ADAF's promising performance, surpassing existing algorithms.
Virtual health has been acclaimed as a transformative force in healthcare delivery. Yet, its dropout issue is critical that leads to poor health outcomes, increased health, societal, and economic costs. Timely prediction of patient dropout enables stakeholders to take proactive steps to address patients' concerns, potentially improving retention rates. In virtual health, the information asymmetries inherent in its delivery format, between different stakeholders, and across different healthcare delivery systems hinder the performance of existing predictive methods. To resolve those information asymmetries, we propose a Multimodal Dynamic Knowledge-driven Dropout Prediction (MDKDP) framework that learns implicit and explicit knowledge from doctor-patient dialogues and the dynamic and complex networks of various stakeholders in both online and offline healthcare delivery systems. We evaluate MDKDP by partnering with one of the largest virtual health platforms in China. MDKDP improves the F1-score by 3.26 percentage points relative to the best benchmark. Comprehensive robustness analyses show that integrating stakeholder attributes, knowledge dynamics, and compact bilinear pooling significantly improves the performance. Our work provides significant implications for healthcare IT by revealing the value of mining relations and knowledge across different service modalities. Practically, MDKDP offers a novel design artifact for virtual health platforms in patient dropout management.
The USA Food and Drug Administration has accorded increasing importance to patient-reported problems in clinical and research settings. In this paper, we explore one of the largest online datasets comprising 170,141 open-ended self-reported responses (called "verbatims") from patients with Parkinson's (PwPs) to questions about what bothers them about their Parkinson's Disease and how it affects their daily functioning, also known as the Parkinson's Disease Patient Report of Problems. Classifying such verbatims into multiple clinically relevant symptom categories is an important problem and requires multiple steps - expert curation, a multi-label text classification (MLTC) approach and large amounts of labelled training data. Further, human annotation of such large datasets is tedious and expensive. We present a novel solution to this problem where we build a baseline dataset using 2,341 (of the 170,141) verbatims annotated by nine curators including clinical experts and PwPs. We develop a rules based linguistic-dictionary using NLP techniques and graph database-based expert phrase-query system to scale the annotation to the remaining cohort generating the machine annotated dataset, and finally build a Keras-Tensorflow based MLTC model for both datasets. The machine annotated model significantly outperforms the baseline model with a F1-score of 95% across 65 symptom categories on a held-out test set.
The integration of deep learning and neuroscience has been advancing rapidly, which has led to improvements in the analysis of brain activity and the understanding of deep learning models from a neuroscientific perspective. The reconstruction of visual experience from human brain activity is an area that has particularly benefited: the use of deep learning models trained on large amounts of natural images has greatly improved its quality, and approaches that combine the diverse information contained in visual experiences have proliferated rapidly in recent years. In this technical paper, by taking advantage of the simple and generic framework that we proposed (Takagi and Nishimoto, CVPR 2023), we examine the extent to which various additional decoding techniques affect the performance of visual experience reconstruction. Specifically, we combined our earlier work with the following three techniques: using decoded text from brain activity, nonlinear optimization for structural image reconstruction, and using decoded depth information from brain activity. We confirmed that these techniques contributed to improving accuracy over the baseline. We also discuss what researchers should consider when performing visual reconstruction using deep generative models trained on large datasets. Please check our webpage at https://sites.google.com/view/stablediffusion-with-brain/. Code is also available at https://github.com/yu-takagi/StableDiffusionReconstruction.