We study the challenge of learning causal reasoning over procedural text to answer "What if..." questions when external commonsense knowledge is required. We propose a novel multi-hop graph reasoning model to 1) efficiently extract a commonsense subgraph with the most relevant information from a large knowledge graph; 2) predict the causal answer by reasoning over the representations obtained from the commonsense subgraph and the contextual interactions between the questions and context. We evaluate our model on WIQA benchmark and achieve state-of-the-art performance compared to the recent models.
The problem of proximity full-text search is considered. If a search query contains high-frequently occurring words, then multi-component key indexes deliver an improvement in the search speed compared with ordinary inverted indexes. It was shown that we can increase the search speed by up to 130 times in cases when queries consist of high-frequently occurring words. In this paper, we investigate how the multi-component key index architecture affects the quality of the search. We consider several well-known methods of relevance ranking, where these methods are of different authors. Using these methods, we perform the search in the ordinary inverted index and then in an index enhanced with multi-component key indexes. The results show that with multi-component key indexes we obtain search results that are very close, in terms of relevance ranking, to the search results that are obtained by means of ordinary inverted indexes.
Abstractive summarization systems generally rely on large collections of document-summary pairs. However, the performance of abstractive systems remains a challenge due to the unavailability of parallel data for low-resource languages like Bengali. To overcome this problem, we propose a graph-based unsupervised abstractive summarization system in the single-document setting for Bengali text documents, which requires only a Part-Of-Speech (POS) tagger and a pre-trained language model trained on Bengali texts. We also provide a human-annotated dataset with document-summary pairs to evaluate our abstractive model and to support the comparison of future abstractive summarization systems of the Bengali Language. We conduct experiments on this dataset and compare our system with several well-established unsupervised extractive summarization systems. Our unsupervised abstractive summarization model outperforms the baselines without being exposed to any human-annotated reference summaries.
We present a method for exploiting weakly annotated images to improve text extraction pipelines. The approach uses an arbitrary end-to-end text recognition system to obtain text region proposals and their, possibly erroneous, transcriptions. The proposed method includes matching of imprecise transcription to weak annotations and edit distance guided neighbourhood search. It produces nearly error-free, localised instances of scene text, which we treat as "pseudo ground truth" (PGT). We apply the method to two weakly-annotated datasets. Training with the extracted PGT consistently improves the accuracy of a state of the art recognition model, by 3.7~\% on average, across different benchmark datasets (image domains) and 24.5~\% on one of the weakly annotated datasets.
Factual consistency is one of important summary evaluation dimensions, especially as summary generation becomes more fluent and coherent. The ESTIME measure, recently proposed specifically for factual consistency, achieves high correlations with human expert scores both for consistency and fluency, while in principle being restricted to evaluating such text-summary pairs that have high dictionary overlap. This is not a problem for current styles of summarization, but it may become an obstacle for future summarization systems, or for evaluating arbitrary claims against the text. In this work we generalize the method, making it applicable to any text-summary pairs. As ESTIME uses points of contextual similarity, it provides insights into usefulness of information taken from different BERT layers. We observe that useful information exists in almost all of the layers except the several lowest ones. For consistency and fluency - qualities focused on local text details - the most useful layers are close to the top (but not at the top); for coherence and relevance we found a more complicated and interesting picture.
The Electronic Health Record (EHR) is an essential part of the modern medical system and impacts healthcare delivery, operations, and research. Unstructured text is attracting much attention despite structured information in the EHRs and has become an exciting research field. The success of the recent neural Natural Language Processing (NLP) method has led to a new direction for processing unstructured clinical notes. In this work, we create a python library for clinical texts, EHRKit. This library contains two main parts: MIMIC-III-specific functions and tasks specific functions. The first part introduces a list of interfaces for accessing MIMIC-III NOTEEVENTS data, including basic search, information retrieval, and information extraction. The second part integrates many third-party libraries for up to 12 off-shelf NLP tasks such as named entity recognition, summarization, machine translation, etc.
Neural image inpainting has achieved promising performance in generating semantically plausible content. Most of the recent works mainly focus on inpainting images depending on vision information, while neglecting the semantic information implied in human languages. To acquire more semantically accurate inpainting images, this paper proposes a novel inpainting model named \textit{N}eural \textit{I}mage Inpainting \textit{G}uided with \textit{D}escriptive \textit{T}ext (NIGDT). First, a dual multi-modal attention mechanism is designed to extract the explicit semantic information about corrupted regions. The mechanism is trained to combine the descriptive text and two complementary images through reciprocal attention maps. Second, an image-text matching loss is designed to enforce the model output following the descriptive text. Its goal is to maximize the semantic similarity of the generated image and the text. Finally, experiments are conducted on two open datasets with captions. Experimental results show that the proposed NIGDT model outperforms all compared models on both quantitative and qualitative comparison. The results also demonstrate that the proposed model can generate images consistent with the guidance text, which provides a flexible way for user-guided inpainting. Our systems and code will be released soon.
In this paper, we studied if models based on BiLSTM and BERT can generate hashtags in Brazilian portuguese that can be used in Ecommerce websites. We processed a corpus of Ecommerce reviews and titles of products as inputs and we generated hashtags as outputs. We evaluate the results using four quantitatives metrics: NIST, BLEU, METEOR and a crowdsourced score. Word Cloud was used as a qualitative metric. Besides all computer metered metrics (NIST, BLEU and METEOR) showed bad results, the crowdsourced showed amazing scores. We concluded that the texts generated by the neural networks are very promising to be used as hashtags of products in Ecommerce websites [1]. The code for this work is available on https://github.com/augustocamargo/text-to-hashtag
In this paper, we are interested in editing text in natural images, which aims to replace or modify a word in the source image with another one while maintaining its realistic look. This task is challenging, as the styles of both background and text need to be preserved so that the edited image is visually indistinguishable from the source image. Specifically, we propose an end-to-end trainable style retention network (SRNet) that consists of three modules: text conversion module, background inpainting module and fusion module. The text conversion module changes the text content of the source image into the target text while keeping the original text style. The background inpainting module erases the original text, and fills the text region with appropriate texture. The fusion module combines the information from the two former modules, and generates the edited text images. To our knowledge, this work is the first attempt to edit text in natural images at the word level. Both visual effects and quantitative results on synthetic and real-world dataset (ICDAR 2013) fully confirm the importance and necessity of modular decomposition. We also conduct extensive experiments to validate the usefulness of our method in various real-world applications such as text image synthesis, augmented reality (AR) translation, information hiding, etc.
Structured information extraction from document images usually consists of three steps: text detection, text recognition, and text field labeling. While text detection and text recognition have been heavily studied and improved a lot in literature, text field labeling is less explored and still faces many challenges. Existing learning based methods for text labeling task usually require a large amount of labeled examples to train a specific model for each type of document. However, collecting large amounts of document images and labeling them is difficult and sometimes impossible due to privacy issues. Deploying separate models for each type of document also consumes a lot of resources. Facing these challenges, we explore one-shot learning for the text field labeling task. Existing one-shot learning methods for the task are mostly rule-based and have difficulty in labeling fields in crowded regions with few landmarks and fields consisting of multiple separate text regions. To alleviate these problems, we proposed a novel deep end-to-end trainable approach for one-shot text field labeling, which makes use of attention mechanism to transfer the layout information between document images. We further applied conditional random field on the transferred layout information for the refinement of field labeling. We collected and annotated a real-world one-shot field labeling dataset with a large variety of document types and conducted extensive experiments to examine the effectiveness of the proposed model. To stimulate research in this direction, the collected dataset and the one-shot model will be released1.