Word length predicts word order: "Min-max"-ing drives language evolution

Current theories of language propose an innate (Baker 2001; Chomsky 1981) or a functional (Greenberg 1963; Dryer 2007; Hawkins 2014) origin for the surface structures (i.e. word order) that we observe in languages of the world, while evolutionary modeling (Dunn et al. 2011) suggests that descent is the primary factor influencing such patterns. Although there are hypotheses for word order change from both innate and usage-based perspectives for specific languages and families, there are key disagreements between the two major proposals for mechanisms that drive the evolution of language more broadly (Wasow 2002; Levy 2008). This paper proposes a universal underlying mechanism for word order change based on a large tagged parallel dataset of over 1,500 languages representing 133 language families and 111 isolates. Results indicate that word class length is significantly correlated with word order crosslinguistically, but not in a straightforward manner, partially supporting opposing theories of processing, while at the same time predicting historical word order change in two different phylogenetic lines and explaining more variance than descent or language area in regression models. Such findings suggest an integrated "Min-Max" theory of language evolution driven by competing pressures of processing and information structure, aligning with recent efficiency-oriented (Levshina 2023) and information-theoretic proposals (Zaslavsky 2020; Tucker et al. 2025).