Wireless bioelectronics for untethered biohybrid robots

Biohybrid robots integrate living tissues with engineered artificial structures to achieve organism-inspired actuation and behavior. A persistent challenge is delivering stimulation and control signals without relying on tethered wiring or bulky hardware immersed in cell-culture media. Wireless bioelectronics addresses this limitation by enabling the remote transfer of control signals, typically via radio-frequency magnetic fields, to locally stimulate muscle tissues at tissue-electrode interfaces. In parallel, wireless optoelectronics enables remote control of optogenetically modified, muscle-based robots by embedding light emitters that initiate muscle actuation through light-gated ion channels. Further advances incorporate neuromuscular junctions, leveraging biological signal transduction to enable selective control of multiple actuators through wireless frequency- and time-division multiplexing. This perspective article summarizes recent advances in control strategies for biohybrid robots, namely, wireless electrical stimulation, wireless optical stimulation, and neuromuscular integration. Then this describes cross-cutting design principles and highlights a future direction, namely, co-integration of neural organoid-bioelectronics toward autonomous, closed-loop biohybrid robots.