Pharmacogenomic Knowledge Graph Augmentation for Graph Neural Network-Based Drug-Drug Interaction Prediction

Graph neural networks (GNNs) applied to drug-drug interaction (DDI) prediction rely exclusively on molecular structure encoded as SMILES-derived graphs. Prior work in this series demonstrated that model performance is bounded by the structural information content of training labels -- an Information Ceiling -- that architectural refinements alone cannot overcome. The present study investigates whether pharmacogenomic prior knowledge from the PharmGKB database partially closes this ceiling by providing metabolic pathway context that is independent of, and complementary to, molecular structure. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme substrate, inhibitor, and inducer annotations for four clinically relevant isoforms (CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2C9) are extracted and incorporated as a 12-dimensional feature vector concatenated to the molecular embedding prior to interaction prediction. Experiments are conducted under both pair-level and drug-level data splits to quantify generalization to unseen drugs. Results indicate that knowledge graph (KG) augmentation substantially improves DDI type classification under pair-level split conditions (F1-macro: 0.532 vs. 0.241 baseline), while binary interaction detection and drug-level generalization remain bounded by the Information Ceiling (AUC inflation: 0.224 vs. 0.250 baseline). Mechanistic validation on strictly held-out compounds confirms that augmentation preferentially improves CYP2C9-mediated interaction prediction, with probabilities increasing from 0.033-0.117 (baseline) to 0.560-0.586 (KG-augmented). An extension to single-molecule toxicity prediction on the Tox21 benchmark confirms that the effect is contingent on pharmacogenomic annotation coverage. These findings motivate the multimodal framework proposed for the subsequent study in this series.