Hybrid Machine Learning Framework for Herd-Level Cattle Growth Pattern and Weight Gain Forecasting in Grazing-Based Production Systems

Commercial grazing systems yield irregular livestock observations, which challenge cattle growth forecasting. This study developed a hybrid machine learning framework for herd level cattle weight forecasting using automated sensing observations collected between 2022 and 2024 in southeastern Australia. Weekly live weight observations, demographic variables, and lagged environmental predictors were integrated into structured forecasting datasets. Herd level forecasting trajectories were generated through temporal aggregation of animal level predictions. Four hybrid architecture families were evaluated, including residual, stacked, cascade, and ensemble assisted frameworks. ARIMA, LSTM, and GRU models were used as comparative baselines. Independent testing demonstrated strong predictive agreement across multiple forecasting horizons. The cascade GB to RF to NN architecture achieved the best performance, with a test R^2 of 0.889, RMSE of 21.319 kg, and MAE of 15.462 kg. Hybrid architectures maintained greater robustness than recurrent sequential models under sparse observation conditions. Forecasting error increased progressively across extended prediction horizons. Feature importance analysis identified animal age, rainfall, and temperature as dominant predictors influencing herd level growth forecasting. The proposed framework may support feed allocation, grazing management, and livestock marketing decisions under heterogeneous sensing environments.