A 129FPS Full HD Real-Time Accelerator for 3D Gaussian Splatting

Rendering large-scale, unbounded scenes on AR/VR-class devices is constrained by the computation, bandwidth, and storage cost of 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS). We propose a low-power, low-cost 3DGS hardware accelerator that renders full-HD images in real time, together with a hardware-friendly compression pipeline that combines iterative Gaussian pruning and fine-tuning, progressive spherical harmonics (SH) degree reduction, and vector quantization of all SH coefficients and colors. The scheme achieves a $51.6\times$ model-size reduction with a 0.743 dB PSNR loss. The accelerator uses a frame-level pipeline that integrates point-based culling and projection with tile-based sorting and rasterization, skips zero-Jacobian matrix multiplications (reducing processing elements by 63\% and computation by 53\%), and adopts comparison-free tile-based sorting with deterministic latency. Implemented in a TSMC 28-nm process at 800 MHz, the design occupies $0.66~\text{mm}^2$ with 1.1438 M gates and 120 kB SRAM, consumes 0.219 W, and delivers 1219 Mpixels/J at 267.5 Mpixels/s, enabling 1080p at 129 FPS. Overall, it is $5.98\times$ smaller in area, $5.94\times$ higher throughput, and delivers $7.5\times$ higher energy efficiency than prior 3DGS accelerators.